SCH4U final exam with question and well verified
answers @2026
Hydrohalogenation - how does it relate to addition rxns? - ANSWERS💫✔️-a type of addition rxn, uses a
hydro halogen (ie. HCl, HBr) to add a halogen to the site of breakage.
Addition rxn - ANSWERS💫✔️-involving the breaking of a pi bond and adding new atoms to the site.
Addition reaction example and explanation - ANSWERS💫✔️-Add water to Alene, turns into alcohol, ie
ethene turns to ethanol when added with water and the catalyst sulphuric acid is usually used.
catalyst used in addition (hydration) and elimination (dehydration) reactions - ANSWERS💫✔️-Dilute
h2so4 (sulphuric acid)
Elimination reaction example and explanation - ANSWERS💫✔️-ethanol to ethene. Concentrated h2so4 is
used as the catalyst. Formation of pi bond.
Difference between ketones and alhdeyes - ANSWERS💫✔️-Both ketones and aldehydes have a double
bond oxygen. Each have a carbonyl group. In ketones, the group is bonded to two carbons. In aldehydes,
it's one carbon.
Ketone - ANSWERS💫✔️-double bond oxygen in the middle of the carbon chain.
Aldehyde - ANSWERS💫✔️-double bond oxygen at the end of the carbon chain
ester linkage - ANSWERS💫✔️-a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
Esterification - ANSWERS💫✔️-condensation reaction subtype. Salicylic acid + methanol -- methyl
salicylate.
, amide linkage - ANSWERS💫✔️-another condensation rxn subtype. the backbone of proteins. connects
amino acids together. water as a product.
react a secondary alcohol with potassium permanganate: what is the final product - ANSWERS💫✔️-this
reaction will oxidize into a ketone with water as a product.
secondary alcohol - ANSWERS💫✔️-
Describe JJ Thomson's model of the atom/ his big discovery - ANSWERS💫✔️-'Plum pudding model' - ball
of positive charge with electrons stuck in it. DISCOVERED THE ELECTRON.
why is Bohr's model successful and important to understand - ANSWERS💫✔️-1. helps us understand
energy levels
2. helps us understand emission spectra
3. lays the groundwork for quantum mechanics
4. stepping stone for more complex models
What did Wolfgang Pauli do? - ANSWERS💫✔️-the Pauli exclusion principal, aka no two electrons can
have the same 4 quantum numbers. explain why each atomic orbital can hold a max of two electrons
with opposite spins.
What did Ernest Rutherford do? - ANSWERS💫✔️-discovered the nucleus through the gold foil
experiment
what did Louis de Broglie do? - ANSWERS💫✔️-proposed particles have wave-like properties: the wave
particle duality. started the cloud model.
what did Fredrich Hund do? - ANSWERS💫✔️-hund's rule: add unpaired electrons first. Unpaired is more
stable.
Describe the Pauli Exclusion Principle - ANSWERS💫✔️-no two electrons in the same atom can have the
same set of four quantum numbers
answers @2026
Hydrohalogenation - how does it relate to addition rxns? - ANSWERS💫✔️-a type of addition rxn, uses a
hydro halogen (ie. HCl, HBr) to add a halogen to the site of breakage.
Addition rxn - ANSWERS💫✔️-involving the breaking of a pi bond and adding new atoms to the site.
Addition reaction example and explanation - ANSWERS💫✔️-Add water to Alene, turns into alcohol, ie
ethene turns to ethanol when added with water and the catalyst sulphuric acid is usually used.
catalyst used in addition (hydration) and elimination (dehydration) reactions - ANSWERS💫✔️-Dilute
h2so4 (sulphuric acid)
Elimination reaction example and explanation - ANSWERS💫✔️-ethanol to ethene. Concentrated h2so4 is
used as the catalyst. Formation of pi bond.
Difference between ketones and alhdeyes - ANSWERS💫✔️-Both ketones and aldehydes have a double
bond oxygen. Each have a carbonyl group. In ketones, the group is bonded to two carbons. In aldehydes,
it's one carbon.
Ketone - ANSWERS💫✔️-double bond oxygen in the middle of the carbon chain.
Aldehyde - ANSWERS💫✔️-double bond oxygen at the end of the carbon chain
ester linkage - ANSWERS💫✔️-a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
Esterification - ANSWERS💫✔️-condensation reaction subtype. Salicylic acid + methanol -- methyl
salicylate.
, amide linkage - ANSWERS💫✔️-another condensation rxn subtype. the backbone of proteins. connects
amino acids together. water as a product.
react a secondary alcohol with potassium permanganate: what is the final product - ANSWERS💫✔️-this
reaction will oxidize into a ketone with water as a product.
secondary alcohol - ANSWERS💫✔️-
Describe JJ Thomson's model of the atom/ his big discovery - ANSWERS💫✔️-'Plum pudding model' - ball
of positive charge with electrons stuck in it. DISCOVERED THE ELECTRON.
why is Bohr's model successful and important to understand - ANSWERS💫✔️-1. helps us understand
energy levels
2. helps us understand emission spectra
3. lays the groundwork for quantum mechanics
4. stepping stone for more complex models
What did Wolfgang Pauli do? - ANSWERS💫✔️-the Pauli exclusion principal, aka no two electrons can
have the same 4 quantum numbers. explain why each atomic orbital can hold a max of two electrons
with opposite spins.
What did Ernest Rutherford do? - ANSWERS💫✔️-discovered the nucleus through the gold foil
experiment
what did Louis de Broglie do? - ANSWERS💫✔️-proposed particles have wave-like properties: the wave
particle duality. started the cloud model.
what did Fredrich Hund do? - ANSWERS💫✔️-hund's rule: add unpaired electrons first. Unpaired is more
stable.
Describe the Pauli Exclusion Principle - ANSWERS💫✔️-no two electrons in the same atom can have the
same set of four quantum numbers
