Ramapo College BIOL111 Petro Final Exam Questions With
Complete Solutions
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves,
spindle forms
Prometaphase
Nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle microtubules attach to
centromeres of the sister chromatides
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and
are moved apart
Telophase
chromosomes decondenses back to chromatin, nucleus
reappears, spindle disassembles
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis in plant cells
divide from inside out using a cell plate in middle of cell
Cytokinesis in animal cells
,Cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched
into two nearly equal parts
Haploid cell
one set of chromosomes
Diploid cell
Has two sets of chromosomes.
Oogenesis
Egg production
Spermatogensis
sperm production
sporogenesis
spore production
Prophase I
The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks
down. crossing-over occurs.
Synapsis in prophase I
formation of tetrads- pairing sister chromatids
Crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions
of their chromatids during meiosis
Metaphase I
tetrads line up in the middle of the cell
,Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate from tetrads
Telophase I
Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed
Cytokinesis I
sister chromatids are still attached, cytoplasm divides
Gamete
egg or sperm
Fertilization
Fusion of an egg and sperm cell
Monohybrid cross
cross between single characteristic
Phenotype
appearence
Genotype
genetic makeup
Law of segregation
2 alleles separate and go into separate gametes
Dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the
same gene
, incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over
another allele
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant
or recessive.
Polygenic inheritance
combined effect of two or more genes on a single character
Environmental effects on phenotypes
nutrition, sun exposure, temp, pH, growing environment
Pleiotrophy
The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
Epistasis
a trait that is a result of 2 or more chemical reactions each
controlled by a different gene
Sex chromosomes
XX-XY or ZZ-ZW
XX
Female
XY
Male
Homogametic
Complete Solutions
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves,
spindle forms
Prometaphase
Nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle microtubules attach to
centromeres of the sister chromatides
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and
are moved apart
Telophase
chromosomes decondenses back to chromatin, nucleus
reappears, spindle disassembles
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis in plant cells
divide from inside out using a cell plate in middle of cell
Cytokinesis in animal cells
,Cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched
into two nearly equal parts
Haploid cell
one set of chromosomes
Diploid cell
Has two sets of chromosomes.
Oogenesis
Egg production
Spermatogensis
sperm production
sporogenesis
spore production
Prophase I
The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks
down. crossing-over occurs.
Synapsis in prophase I
formation of tetrads- pairing sister chromatids
Crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions
of their chromatids during meiosis
Metaphase I
tetrads line up in the middle of the cell
,Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate from tetrads
Telophase I
Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed
Cytokinesis I
sister chromatids are still attached, cytoplasm divides
Gamete
egg or sperm
Fertilization
Fusion of an egg and sperm cell
Monohybrid cross
cross between single characteristic
Phenotype
appearence
Genotype
genetic makeup
Law of segregation
2 alleles separate and go into separate gametes
Dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the
same gene
, incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over
another allele
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant
or recessive.
Polygenic inheritance
combined effect of two or more genes on a single character
Environmental effects on phenotypes
nutrition, sun exposure, temp, pH, growing environment
Pleiotrophy
The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
Epistasis
a trait that is a result of 2 or more chemical reactions each
controlled by a different gene
Sex chromosomes
XX-XY or ZZ-ZW
XX
Female
XY
Male
Homogametic
