SOC 6TH EDITION BENOKRAITIS STUDY
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS VERIFIED
⩥ Informal social control. Answer: Unofficial ways of enforcing norms,
such as socialization, praise, or criticism.[1]
⩥ Formal social control. Answer: Official mechanisms of control, such
as laws, policing, courts, and prisons.[1]
⩥ Conflict theories of deviance. Answer: Theories that see deviance as
rooted in power inequalities and conflicts between groups.[1]
⩥ Class-dominant theories. Answer: Theories emphasizing how wealthy
and powerful groups define deviance to protect their interests.[1]
⩥ Structural contradiction theory. Answer: The view that contradictions
and conflicts are built into social structures and produce deviance.[1]
⩥ Feminist perspectives on deviance. Answer: Approaches that
emphasize gender and argue that many women labeled deviant are
responding to abuse and inequality.[1]
, ⩥ Critical race theories. Answer: Approaches that highlight how race
and racism shape who is labeled deviant or criminal and how justice
systems operate.[1]
⩥ Social power. Answer: The capacity of groups or individuals to
influence outcomes, including defining deviance and controlling
resources.[1]
⩥ Symbolic interactionist theories of deviance. Answer: Theories that
focus on how deviance emerges from everyday interactions and
meanings.[1]
⩥ Differential association theory. Answer: The idea that deviance is
learned through interactions with others who engage in deviant
behavior.[1]
⩥ Labeling theory. Answer: The view that deviance results largely from
labels that others attach to behavior, which can shape identity.[1]
⩥ Primary deviance. Answer: Initial acts of rule-breaking that are
relatively minor and do not yet result in a deviant identity.[1]
⩥ Secondary deviance. Answer: Deviant behavior that develops after a
person is labeled deviant and begins to accept that label.[1]
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS VERIFIED
⩥ Informal social control. Answer: Unofficial ways of enforcing norms,
such as socialization, praise, or criticism.[1]
⩥ Formal social control. Answer: Official mechanisms of control, such
as laws, policing, courts, and prisons.[1]
⩥ Conflict theories of deviance. Answer: Theories that see deviance as
rooted in power inequalities and conflicts between groups.[1]
⩥ Class-dominant theories. Answer: Theories emphasizing how wealthy
and powerful groups define deviance to protect their interests.[1]
⩥ Structural contradiction theory. Answer: The view that contradictions
and conflicts are built into social structures and produce deviance.[1]
⩥ Feminist perspectives on deviance. Answer: Approaches that
emphasize gender and argue that many women labeled deviant are
responding to abuse and inequality.[1]
, ⩥ Critical race theories. Answer: Approaches that highlight how race
and racism shape who is labeled deviant or criminal and how justice
systems operate.[1]
⩥ Social power. Answer: The capacity of groups or individuals to
influence outcomes, including defining deviance and controlling
resources.[1]
⩥ Symbolic interactionist theories of deviance. Answer: Theories that
focus on how deviance emerges from everyday interactions and
meanings.[1]
⩥ Differential association theory. Answer: The idea that deviance is
learned through interactions with others who engage in deviant
behavior.[1]
⩥ Labeling theory. Answer: The view that deviance results largely from
labels that others attach to behavior, which can shape identity.[1]
⩥ Primary deviance. Answer: Initial acts of rule-breaking that are
relatively minor and do not yet result in a deviant identity.[1]
⩥ Secondary deviance. Answer: Deviant behavior that develops after a
person is labeled deviant and begins to accept that label.[1]
