BIOS 251 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
EXAM 1 COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
⫸ Prokaryotic cells Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
⫸ Eukaryotic cells Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
⫸ Plasma (cell) membrane Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
⫸ DNA Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition, replicates the cell.
⫸ Cytoplasm Answer: Can be divided into two portions: Cytosol and
Organelles.
⫸ Cytosol Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
⫸ Ribosomes Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
⫸ Cytoskeleton Answer: Intracellular support, used in cell movement,
moves organelles.
,⫸ Gamete cells Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and ovum).
Replicate via meiosis.
⫸ Somatic cells Answer: All other cells in the body. Replicate via
mitosis.
⫸ Functions of the cell membrane Answer: Serves as a barrier
protecting the cell's inner content from the extracellular environment.
⫸ Phospholipid bilayer Answer: The structure that makes up the cell
membrane.
⫸ Hydrophilic heads Answer: Water 'loving' parts of the phospholipid
bilayer.
⫸ Hydrophobic tails Answer: Water 'hating' parts of the phospholipid
bilayer.
⫸ Integral proteins Answer: Found to travel the entire width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
⫸ Channel proteins Answer: Allow ions to cross the membrane from
one side to another.
, ⫸ Carrier proteins Answer: Transport specific substances from one side
of the plasma membrane to the other.
⫸ Receptor proteins Answer: Recognize and bind to specific molecules
called ligands.
⫸ Cell Identity Markers Answer: Allow the cell to be identified and
distinguished by the immune system.
⫸ Na+/K+ ATPase pump Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
⫸ Gap Junctions Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
⫸ Enzymes Answer: Catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions inside or
outside the cell.
⫸ Cell Adhesion Molecules Answer: Serve as structural support and
stability for a cell.
⫸ Peripheral proteins Answer: Found only on the inner or outer
surfaces.
⫸ Cadherins Answer: Proteins that transport extracellular ligand
(chemical) signaling into cells.
EXAM 1 COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
⫸ Prokaryotic cells Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
⫸ Eukaryotic cells Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
⫸ Plasma (cell) membrane Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
⫸ DNA Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition, replicates the cell.
⫸ Cytoplasm Answer: Can be divided into two portions: Cytosol and
Organelles.
⫸ Cytosol Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
⫸ Ribosomes Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
⫸ Cytoskeleton Answer: Intracellular support, used in cell movement,
moves organelles.
,⫸ Gamete cells Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and ovum).
Replicate via meiosis.
⫸ Somatic cells Answer: All other cells in the body. Replicate via
mitosis.
⫸ Functions of the cell membrane Answer: Serves as a barrier
protecting the cell's inner content from the extracellular environment.
⫸ Phospholipid bilayer Answer: The structure that makes up the cell
membrane.
⫸ Hydrophilic heads Answer: Water 'loving' parts of the phospholipid
bilayer.
⫸ Hydrophobic tails Answer: Water 'hating' parts of the phospholipid
bilayer.
⫸ Integral proteins Answer: Found to travel the entire width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
⫸ Channel proteins Answer: Allow ions to cross the membrane from
one side to another.
, ⫸ Carrier proteins Answer: Transport specific substances from one side
of the plasma membrane to the other.
⫸ Receptor proteins Answer: Recognize and bind to specific molecules
called ligands.
⫸ Cell Identity Markers Answer: Allow the cell to be identified and
distinguished by the immune system.
⫸ Na+/K+ ATPase pump Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
⫸ Gap Junctions Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
⫸ Enzymes Answer: Catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions inside or
outside the cell.
⫸ Cell Adhesion Molecules Answer: Serve as structural support and
stability for a cell.
⫸ Peripheral proteins Answer: Found only on the inner or outer
surfaces.
⫸ Cadherins Answer: Proteins that transport extracellular ligand
(chemical) signaling into cells.
