WGU D311 OA FINAL EXAM Question and
Answer | Comprehensive Preparation
Pack | Grade A+
• What are characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells "Bacteria" -✓✓ Single celled, do not have
nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplast, multiple shapes (coccus, bacillus, vibrio, etc)
found in pairs, clusters or chains
• What are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells "animal and plant cells" -✓✓ Have a
nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, single celled or multicellular, larger than
prokaryotes, linear histone wrapped chromosomes
• Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes -✓✓ All plants and animal cells
(protozoans , algae, fungi) are Eukaryotic.
bacteria and archaea are Prokaryotic
Structures if Eukaryotic: nucleus, membrane organelles in the cytoplasm ( mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysomes, and peroxisomes held in place by the
cytoskeleton. Flagella (whip like/flexible) and cilla
Structures of Prokaryotic: cell membrane, chromosomal dna that is in nucleotide,
ribosomes, and cell wall. Flagella (stiff/rotating) pilli, fimbriae and capsules
• Bacteria -✓✓ Found in every habitat on earth, prokaryotic, cell walls have
peptidoglycan and described by shape (coccus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete or vibrio)
• Protists -✓✓ A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or
fungus.
• Fungi -✓✓ Eukaryotic, lives by decomposing and absorbing nutrients. Not
photosynthetic and has cell wall made of chitin
• Helminths -✓✓ multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called worms or flukes
ex: Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)
• Viruses -✓✓ Acellular, consists of proteins and genetic material (dna/rna) never both
• Bacterial Structures "prokaryotic" -✓✓ Nucleoid, ribosomes, endospores, plasma
membrane, cell wall, peptidoglycan, flagella, fimbriae, pilli
• Nucleoid of Bacteria -✓✓ central area in a prokaryotic cell that contains genetic
information, not surrounded by a membrane
, • Ribosomes of Bacteria -✓✓ site of protein synthesis. 70S composed of two subunits
(30S small and 50S large and are composed of protein and rRNA components
• Endospores of bacteria -✓✓ form around DNA when stressed, protect until conditions
are good
• Plasma membrane in bacteria -✓✓ phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that
defines the boundary of the cell
• Cell wall of bacteria -✓✓ made of peptidoglycan and help maintain shape and
withstand changes in osmotic pressure
• Peptidoglycan of bacteria -✓✓ is part of the cell wall.
is made of sugars and proteins.
• Flagella of bacteria -✓✓ acts as a propeller to move the cell. Stiff, rotating structure.
• Fimbriae of bacteria -✓✓ hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces
• Pili of bacteria -✓✓ Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to
transfer DNA
• Chemotaxis -✓✓ Directional movt from a call in response to chemical attraction
• Phototaxis -✓✓ movement in response to light using flagella
• Bacterium "runs" -✓✓ Movt of bacteria counterclockwise flagellar rotation
• Bacteria "tumbles" -✓✓ Random movt of bacterial cell by clockwise flagellar rotation
• vegetative cell -✓✓ metabolically active and growing and does not contain
endospores. Sensitive to extreme temps and radiation, gram positive, normal water
content
• Endospores -✓✓ A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and
resists harsh conditions (extreme temps and radiation) does not absorb gram stain. No
growth
• Why is sporulation important for bacteria -✓✓ Protects bacteria agaisnt degrading
agents, unfavorable growth and nutrient depletion
• What are 6 steps of sporulation process -✓✓ DNA replicates, membranes form around
dna, forespore forms additional membranes, protective cortex forms around the spore,
protein coat forms around the cortex and spore is released
Answer | Comprehensive Preparation
Pack | Grade A+
• What are characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells "Bacteria" -✓✓ Single celled, do not have
nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplast, multiple shapes (coccus, bacillus, vibrio, etc)
found in pairs, clusters or chains
• What are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells "animal and plant cells" -✓✓ Have a
nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, single celled or multicellular, larger than
prokaryotes, linear histone wrapped chromosomes
• Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes -✓✓ All plants and animal cells
(protozoans , algae, fungi) are Eukaryotic.
bacteria and archaea are Prokaryotic
Structures if Eukaryotic: nucleus, membrane organelles in the cytoplasm ( mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysomes, and peroxisomes held in place by the
cytoskeleton. Flagella (whip like/flexible) and cilla
Structures of Prokaryotic: cell membrane, chromosomal dna that is in nucleotide,
ribosomes, and cell wall. Flagella (stiff/rotating) pilli, fimbriae and capsules
• Bacteria -✓✓ Found in every habitat on earth, prokaryotic, cell walls have
peptidoglycan and described by shape (coccus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete or vibrio)
• Protists -✓✓ A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or
fungus.
• Fungi -✓✓ Eukaryotic, lives by decomposing and absorbing nutrients. Not
photosynthetic and has cell wall made of chitin
• Helminths -✓✓ multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called worms or flukes
ex: Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)
• Viruses -✓✓ Acellular, consists of proteins and genetic material (dna/rna) never both
• Bacterial Structures "prokaryotic" -✓✓ Nucleoid, ribosomes, endospores, plasma
membrane, cell wall, peptidoglycan, flagella, fimbriae, pilli
• Nucleoid of Bacteria -✓✓ central area in a prokaryotic cell that contains genetic
information, not surrounded by a membrane
, • Ribosomes of Bacteria -✓✓ site of protein synthesis. 70S composed of two subunits
(30S small and 50S large and are composed of protein and rRNA components
• Endospores of bacteria -✓✓ form around DNA when stressed, protect until conditions
are good
• Plasma membrane in bacteria -✓✓ phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that
defines the boundary of the cell
• Cell wall of bacteria -✓✓ made of peptidoglycan and help maintain shape and
withstand changes in osmotic pressure
• Peptidoglycan of bacteria -✓✓ is part of the cell wall.
is made of sugars and proteins.
• Flagella of bacteria -✓✓ acts as a propeller to move the cell. Stiff, rotating structure.
• Fimbriae of bacteria -✓✓ hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces
• Pili of bacteria -✓✓ Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to
transfer DNA
• Chemotaxis -✓✓ Directional movt from a call in response to chemical attraction
• Phototaxis -✓✓ movement in response to light using flagella
• Bacterium "runs" -✓✓ Movt of bacteria counterclockwise flagellar rotation
• Bacteria "tumbles" -✓✓ Random movt of bacterial cell by clockwise flagellar rotation
• vegetative cell -✓✓ metabolically active and growing and does not contain
endospores. Sensitive to extreme temps and radiation, gram positive, normal water
content
• Endospores -✓✓ A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and
resists harsh conditions (extreme temps and radiation) does not absorb gram stain. No
growth
• Why is sporulation important for bacteria -✓✓ Protects bacteria agaisnt degrading
agents, unfavorable growth and nutrient depletion
• What are 6 steps of sporulation process -✓✓ DNA replicates, membranes form around
dna, forespore forms additional membranes, protective cortex forms around the spore,
protein coat forms around the cortex and spore is released
