NUR 376 Patho Final Exam Newest 2026
Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
Already Graded A+
Polyuria - CORRECT ANSWER-excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level
of circulating blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-the force exerted by the blood
confined within the blood vessels or heart chamber.
Immunodeficiency - CORRECT ANSWER-Immune system weakened to extent
that it cannot destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence - CORRECT ANSWER-refers to an individual's ability to
protect oneself from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
,Immunosuppression - CORRECT ANSWER-indicates that there is a defective
immune system that is putting the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection - CORRECT ANSWER-an infection that was caused by a
microorganism that flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection - CORRECT ANSWER-when
a pt's infection is caused by microorganisms that originated within the clinical
environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-mediated by Igs that
target antigen on cells and cause cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-antigen
combines with Ig within circulation and complexes are then deposited into
tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
,Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-initiated by T-cells that
have previous exposure to antigen
Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Key lab values in Infections - CORRECT ANSWER-WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? - CORRECT
ANSWER-You would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which
provides info about the % of different types of white blood cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a
bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of
inflammation / autoimmune disease.
, Hypervolemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by
increased hydrostatic pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER-High sodium content of the blood. Raises
solute content (more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-The pressure exerted by the solutes in
solution, causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular
dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Isotonic - CORRECT ANSWER-No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at
equilibrium. Equal osmotic pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
Already Graded A+
Polyuria - CORRECT ANSWER-excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level
of circulating blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-the force exerted by the blood
confined within the blood vessels or heart chamber.
Immunodeficiency - CORRECT ANSWER-Immune system weakened to extent
that it cannot destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence - CORRECT ANSWER-refers to an individual's ability to
protect oneself from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
,Immunosuppression - CORRECT ANSWER-indicates that there is a defective
immune system that is putting the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection - CORRECT ANSWER-an infection that was caused by a
microorganism that flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection - CORRECT ANSWER-when
a pt's infection is caused by microorganisms that originated within the clinical
environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-mediated by Igs that
target antigen on cells and cause cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-antigen
combines with Ig within circulation and complexes are then deposited into
tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
,Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-initiated by T-cells that
have previous exposure to antigen
Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Key lab values in Infections - CORRECT ANSWER-WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? - CORRECT
ANSWER-You would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which
provides info about the % of different types of white blood cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a
bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of
inflammation / autoimmune disease.
, Hypervolemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by
increased hydrostatic pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER-High sodium content of the blood. Raises
solute content (more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-The pressure exerted by the solutes in
solution, causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular
dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Isotonic - CORRECT ANSWER-No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at
equilibrium. Equal osmotic pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
