MDARD MICHIGAN CORE PESTICIDE ACTUAL TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Granules (G) formulation - ✔✔low percentage of a.i. with particles that are larger
and heavier than dust
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of G - ✔✔adv
-RTU, no mixing
-drift hazard low
-low application hazard
-weight carries formulation through foliage to soil or water target
-simple application
-may break down more slowly
disadv
-application equip needs calibration often (uneven particle size)
-uniform application difficult
-granules do not stick to foliage/uneven surfaces
-may need moisture to release AI
-may be hazardous to non-target species
-bulky
✔✔Pellet (P or PS) formulation - ✔✔Very similar to granule formulation, but all particles
are same weight and shape; uniformity allows use with precision application equipment
✔✔Wettable powder (WP or W) formulation - ✔✔dry, finely ground formulations that
look like dusts; usually mixed with water for application as a spray
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of W or WP - ✔✔adv
-easy to transport, handle, store
-less likely than ECs and petroleum-based formulations to harm treated surfaces
-easy to measure and mix
-not phytotoxic
,-less absorptive than ECs and other liquid formulations
disadv
-inhalation hazard when mixing
-needs constant agitation when in suspension
-abrasive
-clogs nozzles
-residues visible on treated surfaces
✔✔Soluble powder (SP) formulation - ✔✔Look like wettable powders, but when mixed
with water they dissolve readily and form a true solution
✔✔Advantages and disadvantages of SP - ✔✔adv
-no agitation necessary once mixed
-easy to store, transport, handle
less likely to cause unwanted harm to treated plants, animals, and surfaces
-easily measured, mixed
less skin and eye absorption
disadv
-inhalation hazard during mixing
✔✔Water-dispersible granules (WDG) or Dry Flowables (DF) formulation - ✔✔like wet
powders, except formulated as small, easily measured granules
✔✔Advantages and disadvantages of WDG/DF - ✔✔adv
-more easily measured and mixed than WP
-cause less inhalation hazard during handling than WPs
-easy to store, transport, handle
-less likely to cause unwanted harm to treated plants, animals, and surfaces
disadv
-requires constant agitation
-abrasive
-clogs nozzles
-residues can be visible on surfaces
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of M - ✔✔adv
-coatings help protect applicator
-easy to handle, transport, store
-timed release of AI prolongs effectiveness
-reduced volatility
-often reduce injury to plants
-reduced odor
-less likely to stain
-reduced phytotoxicity
,disadv
-constant agitation may be required
-risk of harming bees
-breakdown can be dependent on weather conditions
-long restricted-entry or preharvest intervals
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of WSP - ✔✔adv
-accurate, premeasured doses
-increased handling safety
-lower risk spills
disadv
-packaged size may not match volume of equipment you have
-must be kept dry
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of fumigants - ✔✔adv
-toxic to wide range of pests
-can penetrate cracks, crevices, etc
-single treatment will kill most pests
disadv
-target site must be enclosed to prevent gas from escaping
-nonspecific and highly toxic
-high inhalation risk
-require lots of PPE
-may require special application equipment
-some temp requirments
✔✔List some types of adjuvants - ✔✔-antifoaming
-Surfactants (wetting agents, spreaders)
-extenders
-stickers
-plant penetrators
-compatibility agents
-buffers or pH modifiers
-drift retardants
-defoaming agents
-thickeners
✔✔Define surfactant - ✔✔an inert ingredient that enhances the dispersing, spreading,
and wetting properties of spray droplets, allow the pesticide to spread evenly over the
surface of a leaf
✔✔solution - ✔✔substance dissolved in a liquid; components cannot be mechanically
separated
, ✔✔suspension - ✔✔mixture of finely divided, solid particles dispersed in a liquid; must
be agitated to keep particles evenly distributed
✔✔emulsion - ✔✔one liquid dispersed in another liquid; each liquid retains original
identity and some agitation required to prevent separation
✔✔Which is a disadvantage of both EC and ULV formulations?
a) solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets, and pump parts and surfaces to
deteriorate
b) contribute to abrasive wear of nozzles and pumps
c) require constant agitation to keep in suspension
d) difficult to handle, transport, and store - ✔✔a) solvents may cause rubber or plastic
hoses, gaskets, and pump parts and surfaces to deteriorate
✔✔Which liquid pesticide formulation consists of a small amount of active ingredient
(often 1% or less per unit volume) dissolved in an organic solvent?
a) emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
b) ready-to-use low-concentrate solutions (RTU)
c) ultra-low volume (ULV)
d) flowables (F)/liquids (L) - ✔✔b) ready-to-use low-concentrate solutions (RTU)
✔✔The capacity of a pesticide to cause short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) injury
is referred to as its ____________ - ✔✔toxicity
✔✔Potential or probability for harm to occur because of product toxicity and human
exposure. - ✔✔hazard
✔✔What is the most common form of pesticide injury or poisoning? - ✔✔contact skin
effects
✔✔Which statement about harmful effects of pesticides is false?
a) the most common form of pesticide injury is by inhalation
b) asthma-like symptoms may be caused by allergies to pesticides
c) many herbicides and fungicides cause dermatitis (skin reaction)
d) fumigants can cause severe blisters - ✔✔a) the most common form of pesticide injury
is by inhalation
✔✔the ability of small amounts of pesticide from repeated, prolonged exposure to cause
injury or illness - ✔✔chronic toxicity
PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Granules (G) formulation - ✔✔low percentage of a.i. with particles that are larger
and heavier than dust
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of G - ✔✔adv
-RTU, no mixing
-drift hazard low
-low application hazard
-weight carries formulation through foliage to soil or water target
-simple application
-may break down more slowly
disadv
-application equip needs calibration often (uneven particle size)
-uniform application difficult
-granules do not stick to foliage/uneven surfaces
-may need moisture to release AI
-may be hazardous to non-target species
-bulky
✔✔Pellet (P or PS) formulation - ✔✔Very similar to granule formulation, but all particles
are same weight and shape; uniformity allows use with precision application equipment
✔✔Wettable powder (WP or W) formulation - ✔✔dry, finely ground formulations that
look like dusts; usually mixed with water for application as a spray
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of W or WP - ✔✔adv
-easy to transport, handle, store
-less likely than ECs and petroleum-based formulations to harm treated surfaces
-easy to measure and mix
-not phytotoxic
,-less absorptive than ECs and other liquid formulations
disadv
-inhalation hazard when mixing
-needs constant agitation when in suspension
-abrasive
-clogs nozzles
-residues visible on treated surfaces
✔✔Soluble powder (SP) formulation - ✔✔Look like wettable powders, but when mixed
with water they dissolve readily and form a true solution
✔✔Advantages and disadvantages of SP - ✔✔adv
-no agitation necessary once mixed
-easy to store, transport, handle
less likely to cause unwanted harm to treated plants, animals, and surfaces
-easily measured, mixed
less skin and eye absorption
disadv
-inhalation hazard during mixing
✔✔Water-dispersible granules (WDG) or Dry Flowables (DF) formulation - ✔✔like wet
powders, except formulated as small, easily measured granules
✔✔Advantages and disadvantages of WDG/DF - ✔✔adv
-more easily measured and mixed than WP
-cause less inhalation hazard during handling than WPs
-easy to store, transport, handle
-less likely to cause unwanted harm to treated plants, animals, and surfaces
disadv
-requires constant agitation
-abrasive
-clogs nozzles
-residues can be visible on surfaces
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of M - ✔✔adv
-coatings help protect applicator
-easy to handle, transport, store
-timed release of AI prolongs effectiveness
-reduced volatility
-often reduce injury to plants
-reduced odor
-less likely to stain
-reduced phytotoxicity
,disadv
-constant agitation may be required
-risk of harming bees
-breakdown can be dependent on weather conditions
-long restricted-entry or preharvest intervals
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of WSP - ✔✔adv
-accurate, premeasured doses
-increased handling safety
-lower risk spills
disadv
-packaged size may not match volume of equipment you have
-must be kept dry
✔✔Advantages and Disadvantages of fumigants - ✔✔adv
-toxic to wide range of pests
-can penetrate cracks, crevices, etc
-single treatment will kill most pests
disadv
-target site must be enclosed to prevent gas from escaping
-nonspecific and highly toxic
-high inhalation risk
-require lots of PPE
-may require special application equipment
-some temp requirments
✔✔List some types of adjuvants - ✔✔-antifoaming
-Surfactants (wetting agents, spreaders)
-extenders
-stickers
-plant penetrators
-compatibility agents
-buffers or pH modifiers
-drift retardants
-defoaming agents
-thickeners
✔✔Define surfactant - ✔✔an inert ingredient that enhances the dispersing, spreading,
and wetting properties of spray droplets, allow the pesticide to spread evenly over the
surface of a leaf
✔✔solution - ✔✔substance dissolved in a liquid; components cannot be mechanically
separated
, ✔✔suspension - ✔✔mixture of finely divided, solid particles dispersed in a liquid; must
be agitated to keep particles evenly distributed
✔✔emulsion - ✔✔one liquid dispersed in another liquid; each liquid retains original
identity and some agitation required to prevent separation
✔✔Which is a disadvantage of both EC and ULV formulations?
a) solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets, and pump parts and surfaces to
deteriorate
b) contribute to abrasive wear of nozzles and pumps
c) require constant agitation to keep in suspension
d) difficult to handle, transport, and store - ✔✔a) solvents may cause rubber or plastic
hoses, gaskets, and pump parts and surfaces to deteriorate
✔✔Which liquid pesticide formulation consists of a small amount of active ingredient
(often 1% or less per unit volume) dissolved in an organic solvent?
a) emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
b) ready-to-use low-concentrate solutions (RTU)
c) ultra-low volume (ULV)
d) flowables (F)/liquids (L) - ✔✔b) ready-to-use low-concentrate solutions (RTU)
✔✔The capacity of a pesticide to cause short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) injury
is referred to as its ____________ - ✔✔toxicity
✔✔Potential or probability for harm to occur because of product toxicity and human
exposure. - ✔✔hazard
✔✔What is the most common form of pesticide injury or poisoning? - ✔✔contact skin
effects
✔✔Which statement about harmful effects of pesticides is false?
a) the most common form of pesticide injury is by inhalation
b) asthma-like symptoms may be caused by allergies to pesticides
c) many herbicides and fungicides cause dermatitis (skin reaction)
d) fumigants can cause severe blisters - ✔✔a) the most common form of pesticide injury
is by inhalation
✔✔the ability of small amounts of pesticide from repeated, prolonged exposure to cause
injury or illness - ✔✔chronic toxicity
