MMSC491 Exam 1 Updated Actual Exam
Question and Answer (2026/2027) | A+
Verified
• Collective term for all different DNA molecules within a cell or organism -✓✓
Genome
• DNA protein complex -✓✓ Chromosome
• How many DNA molecules does a male have? female have? -✓✓ Male 25
Female 24
• Single ring based on carbon and nitrogen atoms
C,T -✓✓ Pyrimidine
• Double ring structure
A, G -✓✓ Purine
• How many bonds holds together G-C -✓✓ 3 hydrogen bonds
• How many bonds hold together A-T -✓✓ 2 hydrogen bonds
• DNA replication -✓✓ In preparation for new DNA synthesis before cell division
each strand unwinds with helicase
Both strands become available as templates for making complementary DNA
strands that are synthesized 5' to 3' direction
Semi-conservative
One new strand (leading strand) can be synthesized continuously
The lagging strand is synthesized in pieces known as Okzaki fragments
• Classical DNA dependent DNA polymerase -✓✓ Standard DNA replication
• RNA dependent DNA polymerase -✓✓ Genome evolution and telomere function
, • Use 1 of 2 DNA strands as a template for synthesizing an RNA copy -✓✓
Transcription
• Sugars in DNA and RNA -✓✓ Both are 5 carbon atoms
Hydroxyl group at C2 in ribose
H atom replaces hydroxyl group in deoxyribose
• ssDNA structure -✓✓ Sugar phosphate backbone is asymmetrical because
phosphate groups connect with carbon at 5' and a sugar with carbon at 3 hydroxyl
group on the 3' end
• Protein- DNA complex (aids in fitting large DNA molecules in nucleus within
confines of this organelle) -✓✓ Chromatin
• Histones -✓✓ Basic proteins found in chromatin
React with negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA molecules
• Average sized chromosome -✓✓ 4.8 cm long with 140 million base pairs
• What does chromatin do -✓✓ Organizing feature
Supports rapid DNA replication
Aids in proper segregation of replicated DNA during cell division
Aids in transcriptional regulation
• What are the special units of chromosome function -✓✓ Replication origins
Centromeres
Telomeres
• Centromeres -✓✓ Specific sequence of DNA location at midsection of
chromosome
Bound to kinetochore (bound by spindle fibers-microtubules, aid in moving
chromosome from 1 side of cell to other) during DNA segregation
Question and Answer (2026/2027) | A+
Verified
• Collective term for all different DNA molecules within a cell or organism -✓✓
Genome
• DNA protein complex -✓✓ Chromosome
• How many DNA molecules does a male have? female have? -✓✓ Male 25
Female 24
• Single ring based on carbon and nitrogen atoms
C,T -✓✓ Pyrimidine
• Double ring structure
A, G -✓✓ Purine
• How many bonds holds together G-C -✓✓ 3 hydrogen bonds
• How many bonds hold together A-T -✓✓ 2 hydrogen bonds
• DNA replication -✓✓ In preparation for new DNA synthesis before cell division
each strand unwinds with helicase
Both strands become available as templates for making complementary DNA
strands that are synthesized 5' to 3' direction
Semi-conservative
One new strand (leading strand) can be synthesized continuously
The lagging strand is synthesized in pieces known as Okzaki fragments
• Classical DNA dependent DNA polymerase -✓✓ Standard DNA replication
• RNA dependent DNA polymerase -✓✓ Genome evolution and telomere function
, • Use 1 of 2 DNA strands as a template for synthesizing an RNA copy -✓✓
Transcription
• Sugars in DNA and RNA -✓✓ Both are 5 carbon atoms
Hydroxyl group at C2 in ribose
H atom replaces hydroxyl group in deoxyribose
• ssDNA structure -✓✓ Sugar phosphate backbone is asymmetrical because
phosphate groups connect with carbon at 5' and a sugar with carbon at 3 hydroxyl
group on the 3' end
• Protein- DNA complex (aids in fitting large DNA molecules in nucleus within
confines of this organelle) -✓✓ Chromatin
• Histones -✓✓ Basic proteins found in chromatin
React with negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA molecules
• Average sized chromosome -✓✓ 4.8 cm long with 140 million base pairs
• What does chromatin do -✓✓ Organizing feature
Supports rapid DNA replication
Aids in proper segregation of replicated DNA during cell division
Aids in transcriptional regulation
• What are the special units of chromosome function -✓✓ Replication origins
Centromeres
Telomeres
• Centromeres -✓✓ Specific sequence of DNA location at midsection of
chromosome
Bound to kinetochore (bound by spindle fibers-microtubules, aid in moving
chromosome from 1 side of cell to other) during DNA segregation
