BIOLOGY 189 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE
Dehydration Reaction
A process by which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other, with the
loss of a water molecule which synthesizes a polymer
Dimer
A chemical compound composed of two identical or similar subunits or monomers
Hydrolysis
A process by which polymers are disassembled to monomers with the addition of a
water molecule, with a hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl
group attaching to the other
Macromolecules
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration
reaction. Ex. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Monomers
Smaller molecules that are the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a
polymer
,Oligomer
A molecule that consists of a relatively small and specifiable number of monomers
(usually less than five)
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by
covalent bonds
Carboxyl Group
A carbonyl group (C=O) that has a hydroxyl group (O-H) attached to the carbon atom
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose
plant cells. It's a polymer of glucose, but in contrast to starch.
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver or muscle of
animals. The animal equivalent of starch
Glucose
The most common monosaccharide. It is of central importance in the chemistry of life
,Oligosachrides
A saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of
monosaccharides (simple sugars).
Starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants. Consisting entirely of (alpha) glucose monomers
joined by a glycosidic linkages.
Cholesterol
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a
precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as
many hormones. It is synthesized in the liver and is also obtained from the diet. Major
sterol
Estradiol
A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female
reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
Fat
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, also called
triacylglycerol.
, Fatty Acid
A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. They vary in length (usually 16 or 18
carbons) and in the number and location of double bonds. (The carbon at one end of
the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives these molecules
the name fatty ACID)
Glycerol
A propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Obtained from animal fats
and oils, also used as a solvent sweetener and antifreeze
Phospholipid
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The
hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail, while the rest of
the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
Phospholipid Bilayer
A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat
sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells.
Sterol
Regulates biological processes and sustain the domain structure of cell membrane
where they are considered as a membrane reinforces
Triacylglycerol
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE
Dehydration Reaction
A process by which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other, with the
loss of a water molecule which synthesizes a polymer
Dimer
A chemical compound composed of two identical or similar subunits or monomers
Hydrolysis
A process by which polymers are disassembled to monomers with the addition of a
water molecule, with a hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl
group attaching to the other
Macromolecules
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration
reaction. Ex. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Monomers
Smaller molecules that are the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a
polymer
,Oligomer
A molecule that consists of a relatively small and specifiable number of monomers
(usually less than five)
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by
covalent bonds
Carboxyl Group
A carbonyl group (C=O) that has a hydroxyl group (O-H) attached to the carbon atom
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose
plant cells. It's a polymer of glucose, but in contrast to starch.
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver or muscle of
animals. The animal equivalent of starch
Glucose
The most common monosaccharide. It is of central importance in the chemistry of life
,Oligosachrides
A saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of
monosaccharides (simple sugars).
Starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants. Consisting entirely of (alpha) glucose monomers
joined by a glycosidic linkages.
Cholesterol
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a
precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as
many hormones. It is synthesized in the liver and is also obtained from the diet. Major
sterol
Estradiol
A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female
reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
Fat
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, also called
triacylglycerol.
, Fatty Acid
A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. They vary in length (usually 16 or 18
carbons) and in the number and location of double bonds. (The carbon at one end of
the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives these molecules
the name fatty ACID)
Glycerol
A propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Obtained from animal fats
and oils, also used as a solvent sweetener and antifreeze
Phospholipid
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The
hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail, while the rest of
the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
Phospholipid Bilayer
A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat
sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells.
Sterol
Regulates biological processes and sustain the domain structure of cell membrane
where they are considered as a membrane reinforces
Triacylglycerol
