English Language Notes – Freshman Year
(9th Grade)
1. Parts of Speech
There are 8 parts of speech:
● Noun – A person, place, thing, or idea.
○ Examples: teacher, school, happiness
● Pronoun – Replaces a noun.
○ Examples: he, she, they, it
● Verb – Shows action or a state of being.
○ Examples: run, think, is
● Adjective – Describes a noun or pronoun.
○ Examples: blue, tall, exciting
● Adverb – Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
○ Examples: quickly, very, carefully
● Preposition – Shows relationships between words.
○ Examples: in, on, under, between
● Conjunction – Connects words or groups of words.
○ Examples: and, but, because, although
● Interjection – Expresses emotion.
○ Examples: Wow! Ouch! Hey!
2. Sentence Types
By Purpose
● Declarative: Makes a statement.
● Interrogative: Asks a question.
● Imperative: Gives a command.
● Exclamatory: Shows strong emotion.
By Structure
● Simple Sentence: One independent clause.
● Compound Sentence: Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
, ● Complex Sentence: One independent clause and one dependent clause.
● Compound-Complex Sentence: At least two independent clauses and one dependent
clause.
3. Clauses
● Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a complete sentence.
● Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone.
Example:
● Although it was raining, we played soccer.
4. Phrases
A phrase is a group of words without a subject and verb.
Examples:
● Prepositional Phrase
● Verb Phrase
● Noun Phrase
● Adjective Phrase
● Adverb Phrase
5. Subject & Predicate
● Subject: Who or what the sentence is about.
● Predicate: Tells what the subject does or is.
Example:
● The dog barked loudly.
6. Verb Tenses
(9th Grade)
1. Parts of Speech
There are 8 parts of speech:
● Noun – A person, place, thing, or idea.
○ Examples: teacher, school, happiness
● Pronoun – Replaces a noun.
○ Examples: he, she, they, it
● Verb – Shows action or a state of being.
○ Examples: run, think, is
● Adjective – Describes a noun or pronoun.
○ Examples: blue, tall, exciting
● Adverb – Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
○ Examples: quickly, very, carefully
● Preposition – Shows relationships between words.
○ Examples: in, on, under, between
● Conjunction – Connects words or groups of words.
○ Examples: and, but, because, although
● Interjection – Expresses emotion.
○ Examples: Wow! Ouch! Hey!
2. Sentence Types
By Purpose
● Declarative: Makes a statement.
● Interrogative: Asks a question.
● Imperative: Gives a command.
● Exclamatory: Shows strong emotion.
By Structure
● Simple Sentence: One independent clause.
● Compound Sentence: Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
, ● Complex Sentence: One independent clause and one dependent clause.
● Compound-Complex Sentence: At least two independent clauses and one dependent
clause.
3. Clauses
● Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a complete sentence.
● Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone.
Example:
● Although it was raining, we played soccer.
4. Phrases
A phrase is a group of words without a subject and verb.
Examples:
● Prepositional Phrase
● Verb Phrase
● Noun Phrase
● Adjective Phrase
● Adverb Phrase
5. Subject & Predicate
● Subject: Who or what the sentence is about.
● Predicate: Tells what the subject does or is.
Example:
● The dog barked loudly.
6. Verb Tenses
