BIOLOGY 1151: EXAM ONE – COLLEGE OF DUPAGE 2026/2027 | COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
Covalent bonds: - ✔✔Strongest bonds; share electrons
Non-polar covalent: - ✔✔Bonds that share electrons equally
Polar covalent bonds: - ✔✔Unequal sharing of electrons
Water: - ✔✔is polar covalent
Ionic bonds: - ✔✔Transfer electrons
Hydrogen bonds: - ✔✔A bond that forms between 2 different molecules/compounds
Cohesion: - ✔✔H bonds cause water molecules to bond together to form bodies of water
Hydrophilic: - ✔✔Water loving
Hydrophobic: - ✔✔Water fearing
Organic molecules: - ✔✔Have one or more covalent bonds
Four major macro-molecules: - ✔✔Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Dehydration reaction: - ✔✔When 2 molecules form a covalent bond through the loss of water
, Hydrolysis: - ✔✔When polymers are disassembled into monomers, by breaking bonds w/the
addition of water
Polysaccharides: - ✔✔Macromolecules with hundreds/thousands monosaccharides joined by
glycosidic linkages
Carbonyl Group: - ✔✔functional group composed of a C atom, double-bound to an O atom
Hydroxyl Group; - ✔✔A compound containing an O atom bound covalently w/a H atom
Aldoses sugars: - ✔✔Have carbonyl groups at one end of carbon skeleton
Ketoses sugars: - ✔✔Have their carbonyl groups in the middle of carbon skeleton
Trioses: - ✔✔3 carbons
Pentoses: - ✔✔5 carbons
Hexoses: - ✔✔6 carbons
Ribose: - ✔✔Aldoses - Pentoses
Glucose: - ✔✔Aldoses- hexoses
Galactose: - ✔✔Aldoses - hexoses w/one difference in placement around an asymmetrical
carbon
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
Covalent bonds: - ✔✔Strongest bonds; share electrons
Non-polar covalent: - ✔✔Bonds that share electrons equally
Polar covalent bonds: - ✔✔Unequal sharing of electrons
Water: - ✔✔is polar covalent
Ionic bonds: - ✔✔Transfer electrons
Hydrogen bonds: - ✔✔A bond that forms between 2 different molecules/compounds
Cohesion: - ✔✔H bonds cause water molecules to bond together to form bodies of water
Hydrophilic: - ✔✔Water loving
Hydrophobic: - ✔✔Water fearing
Organic molecules: - ✔✔Have one or more covalent bonds
Four major macro-molecules: - ✔✔Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Dehydration reaction: - ✔✔When 2 molecules form a covalent bond through the loss of water
, Hydrolysis: - ✔✔When polymers are disassembled into monomers, by breaking bonds w/the
addition of water
Polysaccharides: - ✔✔Macromolecules with hundreds/thousands monosaccharides joined by
glycosidic linkages
Carbonyl Group: - ✔✔functional group composed of a C atom, double-bound to an O atom
Hydroxyl Group; - ✔✔A compound containing an O atom bound covalently w/a H atom
Aldoses sugars: - ✔✔Have carbonyl groups at one end of carbon skeleton
Ketoses sugars: - ✔✔Have their carbonyl groups in the middle of carbon skeleton
Trioses: - ✔✔3 carbons
Pentoses: - ✔✔5 carbons
Hexoses: - ✔✔6 carbons
Ribose: - ✔✔Aldoses - Pentoses
Glucose: - ✔✔Aldoses- hexoses
Galactose: - ✔✔Aldoses - hexoses w/one difference in placement around an asymmetrical
carbon
