1. Appropriate airẁay management: *Steps
mustbeperformedin order.Bypassstepsthatdo not
apply.*
a. Open and maintain a patent airẁay.
b. Recognizeand treat airẁay obstructions.
c. Assess ventilation and oxygenationstatus.
d. Administer supplementaloxygen.
e. Provideventilatoryassistance.
2. Upper airẁay: Consistsof all anatomicairẁay structuresabovetheglotticopening.
*1.Tongue*
a. Must be manipulated
b. Tends to fall back into the posterior pharynx in unresponsivepatient
*2. Pharynx*
a. Musculartubethat extendsfrom the noseand mouthto the esophagusand trachea
b. Composedof:
i. Nasopharynx
ii. Oropharynx
iii. Laryngopharynx(hypopharynx)
3. Loẁer airẁay: Extends from the glottis to the pulmonarycapillary membrane.
1. *Larynx*
2. *Thyroid cartilage*
3. *Cricoid cartilage (cricoid ring)*
4. *Cricothyroid membrane*
5. *Glottis*
,6. *Trachea*
4. 1. Larynx: -Complex structure formed by many independentcartilaginous structures
-Marks ẁherethe upperairẁay endsand loẁer airẁay begins
5. 2. Thyroid cartilage: -Shield-shapedstructureformedby tẁo platesthat join in a "V" shapeanteriorlyto
form the laryngeal prominence
,i. Knoẁn as the Adam'sapple
ii. Morepronouncedin men
iii. Can be diflcult to locate in obeseor short-neckedpatients
-Suspendedfrom the hyoid boneby the thyroid ligament
-Directly anteriorto the glottic opening
6. 3. Cricoid cartilage (cricoid ring): -Lies inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage
-Forms the loẁest portion of the larynx
-Moreprominentin females
7. 4. Cricothyroid membrane:-Locatedbetẁeen the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
-Site for emergencysurgical and nonsurgical access to the airẁay
-Borderedlaterally and inferiorly by the highly vascular thyroid gland
8. 5. Glottis: -Narroẁest portionof the adult airẁay
-Vocal cords are locatedat the lateral bordersof the glottis.
-Epiglottis is locatedat the superior border of the glottis.
-ET intubationrequires visualizing the epiglottis,glottis, and vocal cords beforeinserting the ET tu be.
9. 6. Trachea: -Immediatelydescendsinto the thoraciccavity
-Not a straight tube, ẁhich is key to understandẁhen placing an ET tube
10. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems ẁork together to ensure that: -
: 1. A constantsupply of oxygen and nutrients is deliveredto every cell.
2. Ẁaste productsare removedfrom every cell.
, 11. Ventilation:-Physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
1. *Inhalation*is the active, muscular part of breathing.
2. *Exhalation*is a passiveprocessand doesnot normallyrequiremuscularettort.
12. Oxygenation:-Processof loading oxygenmoleculesontohemoglobinmoleculesin the bloodstream
-Requiresadequate*FiO2 (Percentageof oxygenin inhaledair)*
mustbeperformedin order.Bypassstepsthatdo not
apply.*
a. Open and maintain a patent airẁay.
b. Recognizeand treat airẁay obstructions.
c. Assess ventilation and oxygenationstatus.
d. Administer supplementaloxygen.
e. Provideventilatoryassistance.
2. Upper airẁay: Consistsof all anatomicairẁay structuresabovetheglotticopening.
*1.Tongue*
a. Must be manipulated
b. Tends to fall back into the posterior pharynx in unresponsivepatient
*2. Pharynx*
a. Musculartubethat extendsfrom the noseand mouthto the esophagusand trachea
b. Composedof:
i. Nasopharynx
ii. Oropharynx
iii. Laryngopharynx(hypopharynx)
3. Loẁer airẁay: Extends from the glottis to the pulmonarycapillary membrane.
1. *Larynx*
2. *Thyroid cartilage*
3. *Cricoid cartilage (cricoid ring)*
4. *Cricothyroid membrane*
5. *Glottis*
,6. *Trachea*
4. 1. Larynx: -Complex structure formed by many independentcartilaginous structures
-Marks ẁherethe upperairẁay endsand loẁer airẁay begins
5. 2. Thyroid cartilage: -Shield-shapedstructureformedby tẁo platesthat join in a "V" shapeanteriorlyto
form the laryngeal prominence
,i. Knoẁn as the Adam'sapple
ii. Morepronouncedin men
iii. Can be diflcult to locate in obeseor short-neckedpatients
-Suspendedfrom the hyoid boneby the thyroid ligament
-Directly anteriorto the glottic opening
6. 3. Cricoid cartilage (cricoid ring): -Lies inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage
-Forms the loẁest portion of the larynx
-Moreprominentin females
7. 4. Cricothyroid membrane:-Locatedbetẁeen the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
-Site for emergencysurgical and nonsurgical access to the airẁay
-Borderedlaterally and inferiorly by the highly vascular thyroid gland
8. 5. Glottis: -Narroẁest portionof the adult airẁay
-Vocal cords are locatedat the lateral bordersof the glottis.
-Epiglottis is locatedat the superior border of the glottis.
-ET intubationrequires visualizing the epiglottis,glottis, and vocal cords beforeinserting the ET tu be.
9. 6. Trachea: -Immediatelydescendsinto the thoraciccavity
-Not a straight tube, ẁhich is key to understandẁhen placing an ET tube
10. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems ẁork together to ensure that: -
: 1. A constantsupply of oxygen and nutrients is deliveredto every cell.
2. Ẁaste productsare removedfrom every cell.
, 11. Ventilation:-Physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
1. *Inhalation*is the active, muscular part of breathing.
2. *Exhalation*is a passiveprocessand doesnot normallyrequiremuscularettort.
12. Oxygenation:-Processof loading oxygenmoleculesontohemoglobinmoleculesin the bloodstream
-Requiresadequate*FiO2 (Percentageof oxygenin inhaledair)*
