Pathophysiology and Pharmacology -
EXAM 1
Review Questions and Answers. For
Studying and Revision.
What is pathophysiology?
✓✓ Pathophysiology is the study of the functional changes in the body that occur as a result of
disease or injury.
What is pharmacology?
✓✓ Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their actions, uses, adverse effects, and
interactions with the body.
What is homeostasis?
✓✓ Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external
or internal changes.
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
✓✓ The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
What is edema?
✓✓ Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body's tissues.
What is inflammation?
✓✓ Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury, infection, or tissue damage.
What are the four classic signs of inflammation?
✓✓ Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
What is the purpose of fever during infection?
✓✓ Fever helps inhibit the growth of microorganisms and enhances immune system activity.
What is necrosis?
✓✓ Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death caused by severe injury or disease.
What is apoptosis?
✓✓ Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs as a normal physiological process.
What is ischemia?
✓✓ Ischemia is reduced blood flow to tissues, leading to decreased oxygen supply.
,What is hypoxia?
✓✓ Hypoxia is a condition in which tissues receive insufficient oxygen.
What is an infarction?
✓✓ An infarction is tissue death caused by prolonged loss of blood supply.
What is the role of white blood cells?
✓✓ White blood cells defend the body against infections and foreign substances.
What is the first line of body defense?
✓✓ The skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense.
What is an antigen?
✓✓ An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response.
What is an antibody?
✓✓ An antibody is a protein produced by B lymphocytes that specifically binds to an antigen.
What is immunity?
✓✓ Immunity is the body's ability to resist or eliminate infectious agents and harmful
substances.
What is hypertension?
✓✓ Hypertension is persistently elevated blood pressure above the normal range.
What is hypotension?
✓✓ Hypotension is abnormally low blood pressure.
What is tachycardia?
✓✓ Tachycardia is a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults.
What is bradycardia?
✓✓ Bradycardia is a heart rate below 60 beats per minute in adults.
What is dehydration?
✓✓ Dehydration is excessive loss of body water resulting in fluid imbalance.
What is electrolyte imbalance?
✓✓ Electrolyte imbalance is an abnormal concentration of minerals such as sodium or potassium
in the body.
What is the major extracellular electrolyte?
✓✓ Sodium is the major extracellular electrolyte.
, What is the major intracellular electrolyte?
✓✓ Potassium is the major intracellular electrolyte.
What is acidosis?
✓✓ Acidosis is a condition in which body fluids become excessively acidic.
What is alkalosis?
✓✓ Alkalosis is a condition in which body fluids become excessively alkaline.
What is the therapeutic index of a drug?
✓✓ The therapeutic index is the ratio between the toxic dose and the effective dose of a
medication.
What is bioavailability?
✓✓ Bioavailability is the proportion of a drug that reaches systemic circulation in an active form.
What is drug absorption?
✓✓ Drug absorption is the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the
bloodstream.
What is drug distribution?
✓✓ Drug distribution is the movement of a drug from the bloodstream to body tissues.
What is drug metabolism?
✓✓ Drug metabolism is the chemical alteration of a drug, mainly by the liver.
What is drug excretion?
✓✓ Drug excretion is the removal of drugs and their metabolites from the body, mainly through
the kidneys.
What is a side effect?
✓✓ A side effect is an unintended secondary effect that occurs at normal therapeutic doses.
What is an adverse drug reaction?
✓✓ An adverse drug reaction is a harmful and unintended response to a medication taken at
normal doses.
What is drug tolerance?
✓✓ Drug tolerance is a reduced response to a drug after repeated use, requiring higher doses for
the same effect.
What is drug dependence?
✓✓ Drug dependence is a physical or psychological need for continued drug use.
EXAM 1
Review Questions and Answers. For
Studying and Revision.
What is pathophysiology?
✓✓ Pathophysiology is the study of the functional changes in the body that occur as a result of
disease or injury.
What is pharmacology?
✓✓ Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their actions, uses, adverse effects, and
interactions with the body.
What is homeostasis?
✓✓ Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external
or internal changes.
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
✓✓ The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
What is edema?
✓✓ Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body's tissues.
What is inflammation?
✓✓ Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury, infection, or tissue damage.
What are the four classic signs of inflammation?
✓✓ Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
What is the purpose of fever during infection?
✓✓ Fever helps inhibit the growth of microorganisms and enhances immune system activity.
What is necrosis?
✓✓ Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death caused by severe injury or disease.
What is apoptosis?
✓✓ Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs as a normal physiological process.
What is ischemia?
✓✓ Ischemia is reduced blood flow to tissues, leading to decreased oxygen supply.
,What is hypoxia?
✓✓ Hypoxia is a condition in which tissues receive insufficient oxygen.
What is an infarction?
✓✓ An infarction is tissue death caused by prolonged loss of blood supply.
What is the role of white blood cells?
✓✓ White blood cells defend the body against infections and foreign substances.
What is the first line of body defense?
✓✓ The skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense.
What is an antigen?
✓✓ An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response.
What is an antibody?
✓✓ An antibody is a protein produced by B lymphocytes that specifically binds to an antigen.
What is immunity?
✓✓ Immunity is the body's ability to resist or eliminate infectious agents and harmful
substances.
What is hypertension?
✓✓ Hypertension is persistently elevated blood pressure above the normal range.
What is hypotension?
✓✓ Hypotension is abnormally low blood pressure.
What is tachycardia?
✓✓ Tachycardia is a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults.
What is bradycardia?
✓✓ Bradycardia is a heart rate below 60 beats per minute in adults.
What is dehydration?
✓✓ Dehydration is excessive loss of body water resulting in fluid imbalance.
What is electrolyte imbalance?
✓✓ Electrolyte imbalance is an abnormal concentration of minerals such as sodium or potassium
in the body.
What is the major extracellular electrolyte?
✓✓ Sodium is the major extracellular electrolyte.
, What is the major intracellular electrolyte?
✓✓ Potassium is the major intracellular electrolyte.
What is acidosis?
✓✓ Acidosis is a condition in which body fluids become excessively acidic.
What is alkalosis?
✓✓ Alkalosis is a condition in which body fluids become excessively alkaline.
What is the therapeutic index of a drug?
✓✓ The therapeutic index is the ratio between the toxic dose and the effective dose of a
medication.
What is bioavailability?
✓✓ Bioavailability is the proportion of a drug that reaches systemic circulation in an active form.
What is drug absorption?
✓✓ Drug absorption is the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the
bloodstream.
What is drug distribution?
✓✓ Drug distribution is the movement of a drug from the bloodstream to body tissues.
What is drug metabolism?
✓✓ Drug metabolism is the chemical alteration of a drug, mainly by the liver.
What is drug excretion?
✓✓ Drug excretion is the removal of drugs and their metabolites from the body, mainly through
the kidneys.
What is a side effect?
✓✓ A side effect is an unintended secondary effect that occurs at normal therapeutic doses.
What is an adverse drug reaction?
✓✓ An adverse drug reaction is a harmful and unintended response to a medication taken at
normal doses.
What is drug tolerance?
✓✓ Drug tolerance is a reduced response to a drug after repeated use, requiring higher doses for
the same effect.
What is drug dependence?
✓✓ Drug dependence is a physical or psychological need for continued drug use.
