DETAILED VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|GRADED A+|NEWEST 2026/2027
What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen. - ANSWER Oxygen
moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult for the
individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation difficult. -
ANSWER asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the lungs to
fully expand for ventilation. - ANSWER Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what? - ANSWER
#Coagulation disorders
#Pulmonary obstructive disorders
#Respiratory infections
What are causes of aspiration? What other disorders pose a significant risk for aspiration? -
ANSWER Anything that interferes with the epiglottis from closing.
1
,#Fatigue
#Acid reflux
#Loss of mental ability (CVA, altered LOC, MS)
#Loss of muscle tone or coordination
#Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)
Risk: PE, ARDS, HF, Lung CA, TB, GERD
What is atelectasis? - ANSWER The collapse of a small number of alveoli resulting in
reduced gas exchange. The full inflation of bronchioles is inhibited in this process.
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues. The
gas exchange across the alveolar membrane is impacted.
What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis? - ANSWER Viruses (70% of cases)
What are s/sx of gastroenteritis? - ANSWER #Diarrhea (watery, usually nonbloody -
bloody means you have a different, more severe infection)
#N/V or both
#Stomach cramps/pain
#Occasional muscle aches/headache
#Low-grade fever
What is cirrhosis and how does it develop? - ANSWER Liver diseases cause liver cells to
become damaged and die. Scar tissue replaces liver cells and affects the function of the liver
leading to cirrhosis.
2
,**In cirrhosis, stellate cells overproduce collagenous fibrous tissue, which takes over the
liver.
What are common causes of cirrhosis? - ANSWER -ETOH
-Viral hepatitis (HEP C)
- Autoimmune hepatitis
-Drugs and chemicals (aetaminophen or anything else hepatotoxic)
Complications of cirrhosis? - ANSWER #Ascites
#Edema
#Portal hypertension (elevated BP throghout entire portal venous system)
#Esophageal varices (engorged varicose veins on the low esophagus weaken/rupture).
#Encephalopathy
#Respiratory distress
#Coagulation defects
Hepatocytes do not function properly in cirrhosis, leading to the following: _____________,
_________________, ___________________, _______________, _____________,
__________________. - ANSWER #Inability to detoxify compound in the blood
#Increased toxin exposure
#Decreased bile - decreased lipid digestion/absorption
#Hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice
#Bleeding resulting from portal HTN
#Decreased synthesis of clotting factors - excessive bleeding
#Hepatic encephalopathy - confusion, impaired cognition
What is pancreatitis? - ANSWER Inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic
insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic disorder.
3
, What is acute pancreatitis and what are its causes and manifestations? - ANSWER Acute
pancreatitis is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation.
Causes:
#Gallstones
#Excessive alcohol use
#High blood triglycerides
#Abdominal injury
#Certain medications and toxins
Manifestations:
#Abdominal pain
#N/V (following significant alcohol intake)
#Cullen sign (blue discoloration around the umbilicus is a hallmark)
What is chronic pancreatitis and what are its causes, manifestations, and complications? -
ANSWER Chronic pancreatitis is the recurring destruction of the pancreatic tissue that
results in atrophy, fibrosis, scarring and the development of calcification within the gland.
Causes:
#Gallstones (obstruct the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum; backs
up into the pancreas and it starts autodigesting itself).
#Alcohol (increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes and sphincter of oddi contracts;
enzymes pack up into pancreas).
Manifestations:
#Severe epigastric pain
#Vomiting
4
What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen. - ANSWER Oxygen
moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult for the
individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation difficult. -
ANSWER asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the lungs to
fully expand for ventilation. - ANSWER Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what? - ANSWER
#Coagulation disorders
#Pulmonary obstructive disorders
#Respiratory infections
What are causes of aspiration? What other disorders pose a significant risk for aspiration? -
ANSWER Anything that interferes with the epiglottis from closing.
1
,#Fatigue
#Acid reflux
#Loss of mental ability (CVA, altered LOC, MS)
#Loss of muscle tone or coordination
#Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)
Risk: PE, ARDS, HF, Lung CA, TB, GERD
What is atelectasis? - ANSWER The collapse of a small number of alveoli resulting in
reduced gas exchange. The full inflation of bronchioles is inhibited in this process.
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues. The
gas exchange across the alveolar membrane is impacted.
What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis? - ANSWER Viruses (70% of cases)
What are s/sx of gastroenteritis? - ANSWER #Diarrhea (watery, usually nonbloody -
bloody means you have a different, more severe infection)
#N/V or both
#Stomach cramps/pain
#Occasional muscle aches/headache
#Low-grade fever
What is cirrhosis and how does it develop? - ANSWER Liver diseases cause liver cells to
become damaged and die. Scar tissue replaces liver cells and affects the function of the liver
leading to cirrhosis.
2
,**In cirrhosis, stellate cells overproduce collagenous fibrous tissue, which takes over the
liver.
What are common causes of cirrhosis? - ANSWER -ETOH
-Viral hepatitis (HEP C)
- Autoimmune hepatitis
-Drugs and chemicals (aetaminophen or anything else hepatotoxic)
Complications of cirrhosis? - ANSWER #Ascites
#Edema
#Portal hypertension (elevated BP throghout entire portal venous system)
#Esophageal varices (engorged varicose veins on the low esophagus weaken/rupture).
#Encephalopathy
#Respiratory distress
#Coagulation defects
Hepatocytes do not function properly in cirrhosis, leading to the following: _____________,
_________________, ___________________, _______________, _____________,
__________________. - ANSWER #Inability to detoxify compound in the blood
#Increased toxin exposure
#Decreased bile - decreased lipid digestion/absorption
#Hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice
#Bleeding resulting from portal HTN
#Decreased synthesis of clotting factors - excessive bleeding
#Hepatic encephalopathy - confusion, impaired cognition
What is pancreatitis? - ANSWER Inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic
insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic disorder.
3
, What is acute pancreatitis and what are its causes and manifestations? - ANSWER Acute
pancreatitis is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation.
Causes:
#Gallstones
#Excessive alcohol use
#High blood triglycerides
#Abdominal injury
#Certain medications and toxins
Manifestations:
#Abdominal pain
#N/V (following significant alcohol intake)
#Cullen sign (blue discoloration around the umbilicus is a hallmark)
What is chronic pancreatitis and what are its causes, manifestations, and complications? -
ANSWER Chronic pancreatitis is the recurring destruction of the pancreatic tissue that
results in atrophy, fibrosis, scarring and the development of calcification within the gland.
Causes:
#Gallstones (obstruct the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum; backs
up into the pancreas and it starts autodigesting itself).
#Alcohol (increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes and sphincter of oddi contracts;
enzymes pack up into pancreas).
Manifestations:
#Severe epigastric pain
#Vomiting
4
