Be able to understand excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients
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BKLO 150. Generalization gradients are graphs that show stimulus
discrimination training results by showing the strength of the response
according to stimuli of varying levels of similarity to the stimuli present
during conditioning
What are the ten major potential undesired consequences of punishment?
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, BKLO 158. 1. Leads to attempt to escape or avoid the source of the
punishment. The punisher can become classically conditioned aversive
leading to escape responding
EX. Being shocked every time you enter the front door, you would just then
enter through another door
2. Lying and cheating are frequently successfully used to escape or avoid
punishment. When these work, they are reinforced, and thus increase in
frequency. So by punishing we may increase other undesired behavior
3. Pain-induced aggression is possible reaction to aversive events. This
aggression can be directed towards punisher, other organisms, or
inanimate objects
4. Suppression effects might generalize to similar behaviors that the
punisher does not want to suppress
EX. Teacher who punishes a lot may reduce desired behavior as well as
undesired behavior
5. Modeling of aggression is learned through witnessing aggressive
punishment being applied to another
EX. Bobo doll
6. Sometimes the contingency between the undesired behavior and the
punishment is not recognized and is thought to be noncontingent. If this
happens, it increases risk of developing learned helplessness and
depression.
7. Punishment in the absence of reinforcement for positive opposite is not
likely to be successful at achieving the desired behavior
EX. Punishing a child for snatching a toy, yet not teaching them how to
politely ask for a toy
8. Punishment can be negatively reinforcing for the punisher. It temporarily
removes the averisve behavior, thus increasing the frequency of punishing
9. May result in the punishment trap of escalation because subjects will
habituate to punishment if it did not suppress behavior initially
10. Increased risk of the punisher escalating to physically abusing punished
organism
EX. Ment to pull the child, yet not pull the child's arm out of its socket
What is Mower's two factor theory of avoidance learning?
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, BKLO 177. The theory that avoidance learning happens in 2 phases
1st the animal is classically conditioned to fear the stimuli associated with
the aversive event
EX. US (shock)--> UR (Pain)
NS paired (chamber) with US (shock)
CS (chamber)--> CR (fear)
2nd the animal is negatively reinforced for behavior that helps avoid those
stimuli
EX. A: Placed in chamber shock was given in and becomes fearful
B: Escape chamber
C: Fear goes away and the aversive US is avoided
FO: More likely to avoid going into chamber
Thus, Mower believed that instead of avoiding aversive events, organisms
are escaping feared stimuli
What is an extinction burst?
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BKLO 132. Temporary increase in intensity and/or frequency of responding
following removing reinforcement for previously reinforced response
EX. Putting money into a vending machine and it doesn't give you a soda,
the person will press the button more vigorously for a longer period of
time as a result of not getting the reinforcement
What is a compound schedule of reinforcement?
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BKLO 130. A schedule of reinforcement that occurs based on the
combination of two or more other schedules
, Why did Skinner define reinforcers according to their influence rather than inherent
properties? What is the benefit?
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BKLO 92. What organisms find reinforcing is not universal. What one person
finds reinforcing another person might not. This forces us to choose
reinforcers that will actually be effective for the organism being reinforced.
What is a differential reinforcement of low responding (DRL) schedule of
reinforcement?
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BKLO 125. A schedule of reinforcement that occurs based on reinforcing a
behavior when it occurs after a specified period of non-occurrence. If the
behavior occurs during the interval, the interval resets.
EX. Student answering to many questions in class and the teacher wants
him to keep answering just not dominate the class. The teacher can say to
go 15 minutes without answering any questions and if the student doesn't
answer questions then the teacher will call on him. If the student answers a
question before the 15 minutes is up, then the time resets.
How can non-reward cause an escape response?
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
BKLO 150. Generalization gradients are graphs that show stimulus
discrimination training results by showing the strength of the response
according to stimuli of varying levels of similarity to the stimuli present
during conditioning
What are the ten major potential undesired consequences of punishment?
Give this one a try later!
, BKLO 158. 1. Leads to attempt to escape or avoid the source of the
punishment. The punisher can become classically conditioned aversive
leading to escape responding
EX. Being shocked every time you enter the front door, you would just then
enter through another door
2. Lying and cheating are frequently successfully used to escape or avoid
punishment. When these work, they are reinforced, and thus increase in
frequency. So by punishing we may increase other undesired behavior
3. Pain-induced aggression is possible reaction to aversive events. This
aggression can be directed towards punisher, other organisms, or
inanimate objects
4. Suppression effects might generalize to similar behaviors that the
punisher does not want to suppress
EX. Teacher who punishes a lot may reduce desired behavior as well as
undesired behavior
5. Modeling of aggression is learned through witnessing aggressive
punishment being applied to another
EX. Bobo doll
6. Sometimes the contingency between the undesired behavior and the
punishment is not recognized and is thought to be noncontingent. If this
happens, it increases risk of developing learned helplessness and
depression.
7. Punishment in the absence of reinforcement for positive opposite is not
likely to be successful at achieving the desired behavior
EX. Punishing a child for snatching a toy, yet not teaching them how to
politely ask for a toy
8. Punishment can be negatively reinforcing for the punisher. It temporarily
removes the averisve behavior, thus increasing the frequency of punishing
9. May result in the punishment trap of escalation because subjects will
habituate to punishment if it did not suppress behavior initially
10. Increased risk of the punisher escalating to physically abusing punished
organism
EX. Ment to pull the child, yet not pull the child's arm out of its socket
What is Mower's two factor theory of avoidance learning?
Give this one a try later!
, BKLO 177. The theory that avoidance learning happens in 2 phases
1st the animal is classically conditioned to fear the stimuli associated with
the aversive event
EX. US (shock)--> UR (Pain)
NS paired (chamber) with US (shock)
CS (chamber)--> CR (fear)
2nd the animal is negatively reinforced for behavior that helps avoid those
stimuli
EX. A: Placed in chamber shock was given in and becomes fearful
B: Escape chamber
C: Fear goes away and the aversive US is avoided
FO: More likely to avoid going into chamber
Thus, Mower believed that instead of avoiding aversive events, organisms
are escaping feared stimuli
What is an extinction burst?
Give this one a try later!
BKLO 132. Temporary increase in intensity and/or frequency of responding
following removing reinforcement for previously reinforced response
EX. Putting money into a vending machine and it doesn't give you a soda,
the person will press the button more vigorously for a longer period of
time as a result of not getting the reinforcement
What is a compound schedule of reinforcement?
Give this one a try later!
BKLO 130. A schedule of reinforcement that occurs based on the
combination of two or more other schedules
, Why did Skinner define reinforcers according to their influence rather than inherent
properties? What is the benefit?
Give this one a try later!
BKLO 92. What organisms find reinforcing is not universal. What one person
finds reinforcing another person might not. This forces us to choose
reinforcers that will actually be effective for the organism being reinforced.
What is a differential reinforcement of low responding (DRL) schedule of
reinforcement?
Give this one a try later!
BKLO 125. A schedule of reinforcement that occurs based on reinforcing a
behavior when it occurs after a specified period of non-occurrence. If the
behavior occurs during the interval, the interval resets.
EX. Student answering to many questions in class and the teacher wants
him to keep answering just not dominate the class. The teacher can say to
go 15 minutes without answering any questions and if the student doesn't
answer questions then the teacher will call on him. If the student answers a
question before the 15 minutes is up, then the time resets.
How can non-reward cause an escape response?
Give this one a try later!
