BSC 101 Unit 2- Wodika Exam UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
DNA structure - CORRECT ANSWER forms a double stranded helix
two pairings
What can DNA be used for? - CORRECT ANSWER -has been used for crime solving and
paternal findings
-dna can be retrieved from anything made of cells (hair, blood, skin, etc)
How is DNA unique? - CORRECT ANSWER it's possible to detect differences between human
beings on the basis of unique DNA sequences
What are the pairings for DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER -Adenine and Thymine (forms 2
hydrogen bonds)
-Guanine and Cytosine (forms 3 hydrogen bonds)
-each 3 letters correlate to RNA
How to read DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER 5' to 3' (5 prime to 3 prime)
Central Dogma - CORRECT ANSWER theory that states that, in cells, information only flows
from DNA to RNA to proteins
Transcription (central dogma) - CORRECT ANSWER copying of the DNA to code to RNA
- one nucleotide at a time so it is complementary to DNA
Translation (central dogma) - CORRECT ANSWER RNA gets translated into protein/ every 3
bases code for an amino acid
universal genetic code - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the fact that particular codons specify
the same amino acids in almost all organisms
,Codon - CORRECT ANSWER 3 letter "words" that code for amino acids (64 codons to code
for 20 amino acids)
what does universal genetic code mean? - CORRECT ANSWER all living organisms
discovered use the same code (more evidence that all life shares an evolutionary common ancestor)
gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER -the process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and
Protein
-all cells have the same complete genome
-each cell controls which genes in the genome are expressed and when
Biotechnology - CORRECT ANSWER The modification of organisms, cells, and their
molecules for practical benefits.
-produce new compounds or perform new functions
Examples of Medicine and Biotechnology - CORRECT ANSWER vaccines and antibiotics
Examples of Agriculture and Biotechnology - CORRECT ANSWER genetic modifications of
crops --> increased yield or resistance to pesticides
Examples of Industrial and Biotechnology - CORRECT ANSWER fermentation, treatments of
oil spills, production of biofuels, and laundry detergent enzymes
DNA extraction - CORRECT ANSWER the process of separating DNA from the rest of the
cell
- breaking open the cell, using enzymatic reactions to destroy all undesired macromolecules,
physically separating the DNA, and then bring DNA out of solution using alcohol
gel electrophoresis (biotechnology tool) - CORRECT ANSWER separates dna strands based on
length
- lines of dna are shorter compared to those that didn't migrate as far through the gel
- migrating through gel creates dna rings (opposite attractions)
, DNA fingerprints using Gel Electrophoresis - CORRECT ANSWER compare dna from a crime
scene (resulting banding patterns would be identical)
Polymerase chain reaction (biotechnology tool) - CORRECT ANSWER takes a few copies of
DNA and makes millions of copies
-used when only one or a few copies are available for analysis
-small amounts are insufficient for most procedures
- can be used to make specific copies of a genome
Polymerase process - CORRECT ANSWER -double strand of DNA is separated by heating it
up
-primer is mixed wit the separated dna
- enzyme is mixed in that extends the primer to fill in the complementary strands
Molecular cloning (biotechnology tool) - CORRECT ANSWER creation of a genetically
identical copy
-extract a gene from 1 species
-insert it into a vector (usually bacterial plasmid can also be a harmless virus)
-grow bacterial colonies
-bacterial cells that took up the gene express the protein product of that gene
Reproductive cloning (biotechnology tool) - CORRECT ANSWER method to make a clone or
identical copy of an entire multicellular organism
-egg cell= haploid nucleus is removed
- a diploid nucleus from an individuals body cell is inserted into the egg
-electrically stimulate the egg cell, which starts dividing
-resulting offspring is a genetic identical to the individual who donated the body cell diploid nucleus
Humans and Reproductive cloning - CORRECT ANSWER tried to perform similar procedures
-embryonic stem cells= they have the capacity to develop into many different kinds of cells (muscle
or nerve cell)
-would be a perfect match
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
DNA structure - CORRECT ANSWER forms a double stranded helix
two pairings
What can DNA be used for? - CORRECT ANSWER -has been used for crime solving and
paternal findings
-dna can be retrieved from anything made of cells (hair, blood, skin, etc)
How is DNA unique? - CORRECT ANSWER it's possible to detect differences between human
beings on the basis of unique DNA sequences
What are the pairings for DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER -Adenine and Thymine (forms 2
hydrogen bonds)
-Guanine and Cytosine (forms 3 hydrogen bonds)
-each 3 letters correlate to RNA
How to read DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER 5' to 3' (5 prime to 3 prime)
Central Dogma - CORRECT ANSWER theory that states that, in cells, information only flows
from DNA to RNA to proteins
Transcription (central dogma) - CORRECT ANSWER copying of the DNA to code to RNA
- one nucleotide at a time so it is complementary to DNA
Translation (central dogma) - CORRECT ANSWER RNA gets translated into protein/ every 3
bases code for an amino acid
universal genetic code - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the fact that particular codons specify
the same amino acids in almost all organisms
,Codon - CORRECT ANSWER 3 letter "words" that code for amino acids (64 codons to code
for 20 amino acids)
what does universal genetic code mean? - CORRECT ANSWER all living organisms
discovered use the same code (more evidence that all life shares an evolutionary common ancestor)
gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER -the process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and
Protein
-all cells have the same complete genome
-each cell controls which genes in the genome are expressed and when
Biotechnology - CORRECT ANSWER The modification of organisms, cells, and their
molecules for practical benefits.
-produce new compounds or perform new functions
Examples of Medicine and Biotechnology - CORRECT ANSWER vaccines and antibiotics
Examples of Agriculture and Biotechnology - CORRECT ANSWER genetic modifications of
crops --> increased yield or resistance to pesticides
Examples of Industrial and Biotechnology - CORRECT ANSWER fermentation, treatments of
oil spills, production of biofuels, and laundry detergent enzymes
DNA extraction - CORRECT ANSWER the process of separating DNA from the rest of the
cell
- breaking open the cell, using enzymatic reactions to destroy all undesired macromolecules,
physically separating the DNA, and then bring DNA out of solution using alcohol
gel electrophoresis (biotechnology tool) - CORRECT ANSWER separates dna strands based on
length
- lines of dna are shorter compared to those that didn't migrate as far through the gel
- migrating through gel creates dna rings (opposite attractions)
, DNA fingerprints using Gel Electrophoresis - CORRECT ANSWER compare dna from a crime
scene (resulting banding patterns would be identical)
Polymerase chain reaction (biotechnology tool) - CORRECT ANSWER takes a few copies of
DNA and makes millions of copies
-used when only one or a few copies are available for analysis
-small amounts are insufficient for most procedures
- can be used to make specific copies of a genome
Polymerase process - CORRECT ANSWER -double strand of DNA is separated by heating it
up
-primer is mixed wit the separated dna
- enzyme is mixed in that extends the primer to fill in the complementary strands
Molecular cloning (biotechnology tool) - CORRECT ANSWER creation of a genetically
identical copy
-extract a gene from 1 species
-insert it into a vector (usually bacterial plasmid can also be a harmless virus)
-grow bacterial colonies
-bacterial cells that took up the gene express the protein product of that gene
Reproductive cloning (biotechnology tool) - CORRECT ANSWER method to make a clone or
identical copy of an entire multicellular organism
-egg cell= haploid nucleus is removed
- a diploid nucleus from an individuals body cell is inserted into the egg
-electrically stimulate the egg cell, which starts dividing
-resulting offspring is a genetic identical to the individual who donated the body cell diploid nucleus
Humans and Reproductive cloning - CORRECT ANSWER tried to perform similar procedures
-embryonic stem cells= they have the capacity to develop into many different kinds of cells (muscle
or nerve cell)
-would be a perfect match
