Updated/Latest Essentials of Human Diseases 7th Edition Comprehensive Pathophysiology and Disease Process Test Bank Practice Questions Answers Rationales Disease Mechanisms Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Findings Medical Surgical Nursing Review Study

TEST BANK Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 7/E by Margaret Frazier
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Chapter 01: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment
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Frazier and Fuqua: Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions, 7th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE FT L




1. Signs of disease FT L L
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a. always cause symptoms. FT L FT L



b. rarely correlate with symptoms. L
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c. include abnormal objective findings. L
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d. are always described by the patient. FT L FT L FT L FT L FT L




ANS: F T L C
Signs, or abnormal objective findings, are the evidence of disease found by physical
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examination and diagnostic testing. Signs of disease often correlate with the symptoms.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 2 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 2

2. Predisposing factors of disease FT L L
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a. precisely predict the occurrence of disease. L
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b. make a person or group more vulnerable to disease. FT L L
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c. never overlap or occur in combination. FTL FT L FT L FT L L
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d. can all be controlled by prevention. FTL FT L FT L FT L L
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ANS: F T L B
A person may be susceptible to a greater or lesser degree, because of one or more risk factors
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that overlap or occur in combination. Predisposing factors include age, gender, lifestyle,
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environment, heredity, and immunodeficiency.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 2 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 3

3. Genetic diseases may be FTL FT L L
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a. produced by an abnormality in or mutation of the genetic code in a single gene. FT L L
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b. caused by several abnormal genes. L
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c. caused by the abnormal presence or absence of a chromosome or an alteration of FT L L
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d. All of the answer options FT L FT L L
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ANS: F T L D
Genetic predisposition (inheritance) currently is considered a major risk factor. Hereditary
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factors in disease that appear regularly in successive generations are likely to affect males and
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females equally. Hereditary or genetic diseases often develop as a result of the combined
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effects of inheritance and environmental factors.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 6 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 8

4. Which statement is true of benign tumors? L
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a. Tend to remain encapsulated FT L L
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b. Infiltrate surrounding tissue L
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c. Do not compress surrounding tissue or obstruct organs
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d. Do not resemble the tissue of origin FT L FT L FT L FT L L
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, ANS: F T L A
Benign tumors usually develop slowly and can arise from any tissue. They tend to remain
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encapsulated and do not infiltrate surrounding tissue.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 7 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 7

5. Which statement is true of malignant tumors?
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a. Tend to infiltrate other tissue. L
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b. Tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become infected. L
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c. May spread to distant sites in the body. L
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d. All of the answer options FT L FT L L
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ANS: F T L D
Malignant tumors can represent a serious threat to the health and life of a person. Cancer cells
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are variable in appearance and disorderly (anaplastic) and tend to bleed, ulcerate, and
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become infected. Malignant tumors have the ability to infiltrate and invade the surrounding
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tissue.
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Often malignant cells enter the bloodstream or the lymphatic vessels and spread to distant
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sites in the body leading to tumor growth in other areas of the body.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 8 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 7

6. Which statement is true regarding the TNM (tumor, nodes, metastasis) cancer staging system?
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a. Assesses the size and extent of the spread of the primary tumor. FT L FT L L
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b. Is a grading system based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells.
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c. Both answer options are true. FT L L
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d. Neither answer options are true. L
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ANS: F T L A
Although a number of different staging systems exist, the majority of cancers use a TNM
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system. TNM staging assesses the neoplasm in three different areas: the size or extent of the
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primary tumor (T), the extent of regional lymph node involvement by the tumor (N), and the
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number of distant metastases (M).
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REF: F T L F T L p. 10 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 10

7. The tumor Gleason grade reflects which information about the tumor?
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a. Stage
b. Degree of abnormal microscopic appearance of the cells L
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c. Location
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ANS: F T L B
The Gleason grade correlates with extent of disease throughout the body and with prognosis.
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Analysis of prostate tumor histology is performed, and the two predominant patterns are
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recorded and scored from 1 to 5 (1 represents a well-differentiated histology; 5 is the most
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poorly differentiated).
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REF: F T L F T L p. 12 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 10

8. Which statement correctly states the sequence of an allergic response within the body?
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a. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies enter the body and produce an allergen. L
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b. The release of histamine sensitizes mast cells and produces symptoms.
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, c. Exposure to allergen stimulates production of IgE antibodies that can subsequently L
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d. Histamine produces mast cells, which stimulate plasma cells. L
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ANS: F T L C
Initial exposure to an allergen, which acts as an antigen (a substance that causes the allergic
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response), stimulates the production of IgE antibodies, and the person thus is sensitized.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 14 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 14

9. Systemic manifestation(s) of severe allergic responses include which problem?
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a. Arthralgia
b. Status asthmaticus L
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c. Anaphylaxis
d. All of the answer options FT L L
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ANS: F T L D
Severe systemic manifestations of allergic responses include anaphylaxis, serum sickness,
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arthralgia, and status asthmaticus. For example, anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock), the result
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of a severe systemic allergic reaction, calls for emergency life-saving intervention.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 14 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 14

10. Which order of steps is most accurate when making a diagnosis?
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a. Medical history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, diagnosis, integration of L
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results, treatment
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b. Medical history, diagnostic tests, physical examination, treatment plan FT L FT L L
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c. Physical examination, medical history, radiographs, prognosis, integration of all FT L FT L FT L L
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d. Comparison of normals, physical examination, history, treatment plan, prognosis FT L L
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ANS: F T L A
Establishing a diagnosis is a decision-making process in which data collected from the FT L FT L FT L FT L L
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medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are analyzed, integrated, and
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interpreted. A diagnosis provides a logical basis for determining treatment and prognosis.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 16 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 16

11. Mechanical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and the immune response are FT L L
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a. risk factors for disease. FT L FT L FT L



b. the combined effects of inheritance and environmental factors.
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c. included in the body’s natural defense system against infection. L
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d. agents that damage deoxyribonucleic acid. FT L FT L L
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ANS: F T L C
The body’s natural defense systems against infection include (1) natural mechanical and
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chemical barriers, such as skin, the cilia, body pH, and normal body flora; (2) the
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inflammatory response; and (3) the immune response.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 3 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 4

, 12. Immune disorders are the result of a breakdown in the body’s defense system that may
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a. Allergies
b. Autoimmune diseases FT L



c. Immunodeficiency disorders L
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d. All of the answer options FT L FT L L
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ANS: F T L D
The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that has evolved to
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defend the body against attacks by foreign organisms.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 14 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 13

13. Immunodeficiency disorders result from FT L FT L L
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a. an exudative response. FT L FT L



b. physical trauma. FT L



c. motor vehicle accidents. L
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d. a depressed or absent immune response.
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ANS: F T L D
Causative factors can be primary, manifested by a characteristic decrease in the number of T
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cells and B cells, leaving the body unable to adequately defend itself against infection and
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tumors.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 15 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 13

14. Which statement(s) is/are correct regarding autoimmune diseases?
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a. The diseases allow the immune system to become self-destructive.
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b. Many serious diseases have a strong autoimmune component. L
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c. Both answer options are correct. L
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d. Both answer options are incorrect. L
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ANS: F T L C
In autoimmune diseases, antibodies are formed against self-antigens mistakenly identified as
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foreign.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 15 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 15

15. Homeostasis refers to L
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a. disease related to age. L
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b. internal stability of the body. L
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c. a chronic disease process.
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d. genetic predisposition to disease. L
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ANS: F T L B
Pathologic conditions involve measurable changes in normal structure and function that L
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threaten the internal stability, or homeostasis, of the body.
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REF: F T L F T L p. 2 FT L OBJ: F T L F T L 1

16. Pathogens cause disease by FT L L
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a. invasion of living tissue. FT L FT L FT L