MDC 2 EXAM 1 EXAM QuEstions AnD AnswErs PrACtiCE
QuEstions with solutions nEwEst 2026/2027 | AlrEADy
GrADED A+
Benign cells - ANSWER-Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - ANSWER-o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - ANSWER-healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - ANSWER-o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - ANSWER-indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues
and result in death
,Malignant cell features - ANSWER-o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - ANSWER-o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANSWER-o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANSWER-Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - ANSWER-Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - ANSWER-Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - ANSWER-Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
,Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANSWER-cancer development
Cancer classification - ANSWER-o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - ANSWER-Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of
cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - ANSWER-Number of chromosomes
Staging - ANSWER-How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - ANSWER-o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - ANSWER-Period of time required for that quantity to
double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - ANSWER-o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
, Cancer prevention secondary - ANSWER-o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - ANSWER-People who are already affected and getting
treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - ANSWER-carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia,
blastoma
Carcinoma - ANSWER-malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - ANSWER-malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - ANSWER-pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma - ANSWER-malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia - ANSWER-white blood cell tumor
Blastoma - ANSWER-malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests - ANSWER-o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
QuEstions with solutions nEwEst 2026/2027 | AlrEADy
GrADED A+
Benign cells - ANSWER-Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - ANSWER-o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - ANSWER-healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - ANSWER-o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - ANSWER-indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues
and result in death
,Malignant cell features - ANSWER-o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - ANSWER-o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANSWER-o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANSWER-Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - ANSWER-Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - ANSWER-Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - ANSWER-Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
,Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANSWER-cancer development
Cancer classification - ANSWER-o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - ANSWER-Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of
cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - ANSWER-Number of chromosomes
Staging - ANSWER-How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - ANSWER-o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - ANSWER-Period of time required for that quantity to
double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - ANSWER-o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
, Cancer prevention secondary - ANSWER-o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - ANSWER-People who are already affected and getting
treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - ANSWER-carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia,
blastoma
Carcinoma - ANSWER-malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - ANSWER-malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - ANSWER-pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma - ANSWER-malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia - ANSWER-white blood cell tumor
Blastoma - ANSWER-malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests - ANSWER-o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
