NR 507 FINAL EXAM 2026
COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DISEASE
PROCESSES, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS,
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION,
PHARMACOLOGY AND NURSING STUDY
GUIDE GRADE A+ STUDY RESOURCE
polycystic ovary syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER --at least two of these
features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgens (testosterone),
and appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
-strong genetic component
-Low FSH, high LH (causes high androgens), and high LH bioactivity
-s/s: anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, amenorrhea,
hirsutism, acne, infertility, dysfunctional bleeding, sleep apnea
-60% of women with PCOS are obese
- Tx: Oral contraceptives, weight loss, exercise, progesterone therapy,
metformin, lifestyle modification
Testicular cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -- Complication of cryptorchidism.
Tx= giving GnRH or Hgc or surgery
- HIV
,-Aids
Breast cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -Lumps, retraction of tissue, palpable
notes in the axilla, nipple discharge, ulceration, local pain
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) - CORRECT ANSWER -
Symptoms: Depression, anger, irritability, fatigue, breast tenderness,
abdominal bloating, headache, swelling of extremities.
aggravation of underlying physical or psychological disease
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - CORRECT ANSWER -- Bleeding that is
abnormal in duration, volume, frequency, or regularity > 6 months
-PALM(structural)-COEIN (nonstructural)
-Major cause: lack of ovulation
- commonly seen in perimenopausal women and adolescents
-Tx: NSAIDs (reduce prostaglandin synthesis within endometrial tissues-
cause vasoconstriction and dec. blood loss), regulating cycles, hormone
therapy
Prostate Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -- Rely on androgen-dependent
signaling for development and progression.
-alterations in autocrine/paracrine growth-stimulating and growth-
inhibiting factors between the prostate tumor cells and microenvironment
influence cancer pathogenesis
-Occur in the periphery of the prostate
- Risk fx: chronic arsenic exposure, genetic
, HPV and Cervical CA - CORRECT ANSWER -- Strains 16 and 18 are most
cancerous
-Transformation zone is susceptible to HPV
Deep tissue pressure ulcer healing - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacteria colonize
the dead tissue, and infection is usually localized and self-limiting.
Proteolytic enzymes from bacteria and macrophages dissolve necrotic
tissues and cause a foul-smelling discharge that resembles, but is not, pus.
The necrotic tissue initiates an inflammatory response with potential pain,
fever, and leukocytosis.
Contractures and wound healing - CORRECT ANSWER -- Burn wounds are
susceptible to contractures.
-Internal contractures= Common in liver cirrhosis
- Scar tissue that is contracted constricts blood flow and may contribute to
portal hypertension and esophageal varices.
-Control myofibroblast contraction by giving colchicine and prevent
collagen cross-linking or MMP activity.
-Myofibroblast binding to collagen can "lock" contracted cells in position.
tactile fremitus - CORRECT ANSWER -palpable vibration- Usually indicative
of pneumonia
Pneumothorax - CORRECT ANSWER -Primary (Spontaneous)- Occurs
unexpectedly in healthy people. Rupture of bleb on visceral pleura.Apex of
lung. rx: smoking
Secondary (Traumatic)- chest trauma (Stab, rib fx, bullet)
COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DISEASE
PROCESSES, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS,
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION,
PHARMACOLOGY AND NURSING STUDY
GUIDE GRADE A+ STUDY RESOURCE
polycystic ovary syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER --at least two of these
features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgens (testosterone),
and appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
-strong genetic component
-Low FSH, high LH (causes high androgens), and high LH bioactivity
-s/s: anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, amenorrhea,
hirsutism, acne, infertility, dysfunctional bleeding, sleep apnea
-60% of women with PCOS are obese
- Tx: Oral contraceptives, weight loss, exercise, progesterone therapy,
metformin, lifestyle modification
Testicular cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -- Complication of cryptorchidism.
Tx= giving GnRH or Hgc or surgery
- HIV
,-Aids
Breast cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -Lumps, retraction of tissue, palpable
notes in the axilla, nipple discharge, ulceration, local pain
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) - CORRECT ANSWER -
Symptoms: Depression, anger, irritability, fatigue, breast tenderness,
abdominal bloating, headache, swelling of extremities.
aggravation of underlying physical or psychological disease
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - CORRECT ANSWER -- Bleeding that is
abnormal in duration, volume, frequency, or regularity > 6 months
-PALM(structural)-COEIN (nonstructural)
-Major cause: lack of ovulation
- commonly seen in perimenopausal women and adolescents
-Tx: NSAIDs (reduce prostaglandin synthesis within endometrial tissues-
cause vasoconstriction and dec. blood loss), regulating cycles, hormone
therapy
Prostate Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -- Rely on androgen-dependent
signaling for development and progression.
-alterations in autocrine/paracrine growth-stimulating and growth-
inhibiting factors between the prostate tumor cells and microenvironment
influence cancer pathogenesis
-Occur in the periphery of the prostate
- Risk fx: chronic arsenic exposure, genetic
, HPV and Cervical CA - CORRECT ANSWER -- Strains 16 and 18 are most
cancerous
-Transformation zone is susceptible to HPV
Deep tissue pressure ulcer healing - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacteria colonize
the dead tissue, and infection is usually localized and self-limiting.
Proteolytic enzymes from bacteria and macrophages dissolve necrotic
tissues and cause a foul-smelling discharge that resembles, but is not, pus.
The necrotic tissue initiates an inflammatory response with potential pain,
fever, and leukocytosis.
Contractures and wound healing - CORRECT ANSWER -- Burn wounds are
susceptible to contractures.
-Internal contractures= Common in liver cirrhosis
- Scar tissue that is contracted constricts blood flow and may contribute to
portal hypertension and esophageal varices.
-Control myofibroblast contraction by giving colchicine and prevent
collagen cross-linking or MMP activity.
-Myofibroblast binding to collagen can "lock" contracted cells in position.
tactile fremitus - CORRECT ANSWER -palpable vibration- Usually indicative
of pneumonia
Pneumothorax - CORRECT ANSWER -Primary (Spontaneous)- Occurs
unexpectedly in healthy people. Rupture of bleb on visceral pleura.Apex of
lung. rx: smoking
Secondary (Traumatic)- chest trauma (Stab, rib fx, bullet)
