HK 100 EXAM 3 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
●● what we can gain from MD research
Answer: -normal rate/sequence of development of fundamental motor
skills
-individual differences in rate of dvlpt of skills (race, gender, age)
-deviations from normal dvlpt in special populations
●● cross sectional research
Answer: different groups are studied at one time and compared to each
other (gender, age); get results fast
●● longitudinal research
Answer: same group of people over a long period of time (tends to be
stronger/more reliable); watch for personal dvlpt
●● practical applications of motor dvlpt
Answer: -assess children dvlpt
-screen for disorders
-identify exceptional talent
,-inform designers of remedial and theraputic programs
●● cephalocaudal principle
Answer: dvlp proceeds in a head down manner (neck, arms, trunk, legs)
●● proximodistal principle
Answer: dvlp proceeds from axis of body outward (trunk, distal limbs)
●● muscle tone
Answer: cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles apply to dvlp of
muscle
●● motor milestones
Answer: used to monitor dvlp (posture, locomotion, hand, special
populations)
●● posture milestones
Answer: 2-3 mo: hold head steady when carried
5 mo: sit without support
7 mo: get to sitting position
7-8 mo: pulls to standing
11 mo: stands alone
*dvlp = head control, sit, stand
,●● locomotion milestones
Answer: 6-7 mo: rolls from back to stomach
7 mo: prewalking progression (crawling)
12 mo: walk alone
●● reaching and grasping
Answer: reaching: 3-4 mo: reaches to touch desired object
grasping: 3-4 mo: large objects first picked up, 6-7 mo: thumb
opposition, 9-10 mo: pincer grasp to pick up objects
●● special populations milestones (takes longer to reach milestones)
Answer: -down syndrome: walk unsupported after 2 years
-low intelligence quotients: walk after 12 mo
-delay in motor milestones trigger remedial help in childhood
●● critical periods
Answer: time when child is most sensitive to learning a skill; no
evidence that if a child learns skill outside of this time, there will be
detrimental effects; enriched environment can help speed up rate of
achieving milestones; not sure if early achievement of milestones effects
adult performance
, ●● fundamental motor skills dvlp patterns in childhood (practical
importance)
Answer: -monitor and detect movement problems
-guide to assist acquisition of skills
-indicates readiness of child to move to more complex things
-factors influencing elite performance as adult: month of birth, raised in
rural/small town
●● Motor performance in the elderly
Answer: -balance and posture changes: falls are common
-walking pattern changes: don't lift feet as high (trying to maintain
balance), smaller stride, decreased flexibility, more toeing out
-changes in complex skills: time/psychological stress, too much decision
making
-practical applications: regular exercise, regular practice (may
reduce/slow some changes), smart strategies (ability to anticipate)
●● Changes to CNS, critical time
Answer: conception to 1 year old (good nutrition, no drugs, etc)
●● Changes to CNS, during prenatal
Answer: formation of nerve cells
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
●● what we can gain from MD research
Answer: -normal rate/sequence of development of fundamental motor
skills
-individual differences in rate of dvlpt of skills (race, gender, age)
-deviations from normal dvlpt in special populations
●● cross sectional research
Answer: different groups are studied at one time and compared to each
other (gender, age); get results fast
●● longitudinal research
Answer: same group of people over a long period of time (tends to be
stronger/more reliable); watch for personal dvlpt
●● practical applications of motor dvlpt
Answer: -assess children dvlpt
-screen for disorders
-identify exceptional talent
,-inform designers of remedial and theraputic programs
●● cephalocaudal principle
Answer: dvlp proceeds in a head down manner (neck, arms, trunk, legs)
●● proximodistal principle
Answer: dvlp proceeds from axis of body outward (trunk, distal limbs)
●● muscle tone
Answer: cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles apply to dvlp of
muscle
●● motor milestones
Answer: used to monitor dvlp (posture, locomotion, hand, special
populations)
●● posture milestones
Answer: 2-3 mo: hold head steady when carried
5 mo: sit without support
7 mo: get to sitting position
7-8 mo: pulls to standing
11 mo: stands alone
*dvlp = head control, sit, stand
,●● locomotion milestones
Answer: 6-7 mo: rolls from back to stomach
7 mo: prewalking progression (crawling)
12 mo: walk alone
●● reaching and grasping
Answer: reaching: 3-4 mo: reaches to touch desired object
grasping: 3-4 mo: large objects first picked up, 6-7 mo: thumb
opposition, 9-10 mo: pincer grasp to pick up objects
●● special populations milestones (takes longer to reach milestones)
Answer: -down syndrome: walk unsupported after 2 years
-low intelligence quotients: walk after 12 mo
-delay in motor milestones trigger remedial help in childhood
●● critical periods
Answer: time when child is most sensitive to learning a skill; no
evidence that if a child learns skill outside of this time, there will be
detrimental effects; enriched environment can help speed up rate of
achieving milestones; not sure if early achievement of milestones effects
adult performance
, ●● fundamental motor skills dvlp patterns in childhood (practical
importance)
Answer: -monitor and detect movement problems
-guide to assist acquisition of skills
-indicates readiness of child to move to more complex things
-factors influencing elite performance as adult: month of birth, raised in
rural/small town
●● Motor performance in the elderly
Answer: -balance and posture changes: falls are common
-walking pattern changes: don't lift feet as high (trying to maintain
balance), smaller stride, decreased flexibility, more toeing out
-changes in complex skills: time/psychological stress, too much decision
making
-practical applications: regular exercise, regular practice (may
reduce/slow some changes), smart strategies (ability to anticipate)
●● Changes to CNS, critical time
Answer: conception to 1 year old (good nutrition, no drugs, etc)
●● Changes to CNS, during prenatal
Answer: formation of nerve cells
