HK 100 EXAM 3 FINAL PAPER TEST BANK
WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS
●● sacral vertebrae general characteristics
Answer: typically fused, can have congenital abnormality where there
are 4 or 6
●● function of the spinal column as a whole
Answer: encase and protect the spinal cord
stable base for ligaments, muscles, and extremities
support for thorax and space for internal organs
absorb shock
flexibility and adaptation for balance
●● spinal tensegrity
Answer: alternating tension and compression
●● factors influencing adaptability (spinal tensegrity)
Answer: structural anomalies: LLD, facet joint dysfunction
joint dysfunction: hypo or hyper mobility
neural and motor bias: learning how to perform a movement one way
,psychosocial factors: neural tone
●● physiological curves
Answer: primary curves: curves that are of flexion and develop en utero
(thoracic, sacral)
secondary curves: curves that are extention and develop over time
(cervical, lumbar)
*majority of problems in the spine occur where secondary curves meet
the primary curves
●● General vertebral osteology- vertebral body
Answer: made up of mostly cancellous (spongy) bone surrounded by a
thin layer of cortical (compact) bone
●● general vertebral osteology - spinal arch
Answer: pedicles, lamina, zygapophyseal joint (facet joint), spinous
process, transverse process
●● pedicles
Answer: at the base of the arch
●● lamina
Answer: the top of the arch
,●● zygapophyseal joint (facet joint)
Answer: between pedicle and lamina
●● spinous process
Answer: sticks out posterior
●● transverse process
Answer: project out the sides
●● general spinal osteology - vertebral discs
Answer: • Located between each vertebral body with the exception of
the occiput and C1 and C1-C2 segments
• Discs allow motion to occur at the spine
• Disc is a hydraulic unit: forces are not absorbed, they are transmitted
●● primary components of vertebral discs
Answer: annulus fibrosus - outer layer of concentric laminated rings to
provide stability
nucleus pulposus - colloidal gel made up of 80% water
●● spinal component motions (slide 12 lec 1)
Answer: • Compression/distraction in long axis
, • Shear (translation) anterior/posterior
• Flexion/extension
• Sidebending
• Rotation
●● intervertebral disc injuries general characteristics
Answer: ▪ Microtears in the annulus fibrosis can lead to changes in the
nucleus pulposus
▪Typically occurs with rotation or with a mechanical load while spine is
flexed
▪Most commonly involved segments are L4-L5 and L5-S1
●● intervertebral disc injuries types
Answer: • Bulging
• Slight deformity in the nucleus
• Prolapsed
• Deformity extends through the annulus
• Extruded
• Nuclear material moves into the spinal canal
• Sequestrated
• Nuclear material separates from the disc
●● intervertebral disc injuries signs and symptoms
WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS
●● sacral vertebrae general characteristics
Answer: typically fused, can have congenital abnormality where there
are 4 or 6
●● function of the spinal column as a whole
Answer: encase and protect the spinal cord
stable base for ligaments, muscles, and extremities
support for thorax and space for internal organs
absorb shock
flexibility and adaptation for balance
●● spinal tensegrity
Answer: alternating tension and compression
●● factors influencing adaptability (spinal tensegrity)
Answer: structural anomalies: LLD, facet joint dysfunction
joint dysfunction: hypo or hyper mobility
neural and motor bias: learning how to perform a movement one way
,psychosocial factors: neural tone
●● physiological curves
Answer: primary curves: curves that are of flexion and develop en utero
(thoracic, sacral)
secondary curves: curves that are extention and develop over time
(cervical, lumbar)
*majority of problems in the spine occur where secondary curves meet
the primary curves
●● General vertebral osteology- vertebral body
Answer: made up of mostly cancellous (spongy) bone surrounded by a
thin layer of cortical (compact) bone
●● general vertebral osteology - spinal arch
Answer: pedicles, lamina, zygapophyseal joint (facet joint), spinous
process, transverse process
●● pedicles
Answer: at the base of the arch
●● lamina
Answer: the top of the arch
,●● zygapophyseal joint (facet joint)
Answer: between pedicle and lamina
●● spinous process
Answer: sticks out posterior
●● transverse process
Answer: project out the sides
●● general spinal osteology - vertebral discs
Answer: • Located between each vertebral body with the exception of
the occiput and C1 and C1-C2 segments
• Discs allow motion to occur at the spine
• Disc is a hydraulic unit: forces are not absorbed, they are transmitted
●● primary components of vertebral discs
Answer: annulus fibrosus - outer layer of concentric laminated rings to
provide stability
nucleus pulposus - colloidal gel made up of 80% water
●● spinal component motions (slide 12 lec 1)
Answer: • Compression/distraction in long axis
, • Shear (translation) anterior/posterior
• Flexion/extension
• Sidebending
• Rotation
●● intervertebral disc injuries general characteristics
Answer: ▪ Microtears in the annulus fibrosis can lead to changes in the
nucleus pulposus
▪Typically occurs with rotation or with a mechanical load while spine is
flexed
▪Most commonly involved segments are L4-L5 and L5-S1
●● intervertebral disc injuries types
Answer: • Bulging
• Slight deformity in the nucleus
• Prolapsed
• Deformity extends through the annulus
• Extruded
• Nuclear material moves into the spinal canal
• Sequestrated
• Nuclear material separates from the disc
●● intervertebral disc injuries signs and symptoms
