Page 1 of 108
PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM 2026 BANK/ COMPLETE
CURRENT TESTING QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED) TOP-RATED A+.
Define lipophilic hormones ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... water
insoluble, can pass through plasma membrane but need a carrier
transport to move through the blood, cellular receptors are within
the cell- include steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
Define hydrophilic hormones ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
hormones that are water soluble and do not need transporter in
the blood. Cannot pass through plamsa membrane and act on
membrane receptors. Include catecholamines and peptide
hormones
Explain the synthesis of hydrophilic hormones ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... 1. preprohormones made by ribosomes in
the endoplasmic reticulum
2. packaged and sent to the golgi where they are turned into
active hormones
3. stored in vesicle until signal is received- this initiates
endocytosis to release hormones into blood
, Page 2 of 108
Synthesis of lipophilic hormones ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
made by specific tissues that posses enzymes needed for
synthesis- not made before needed as they cannot be stored-
therefore production is regulated
Describe the binding process of hydrophilic hormones- using
cAMP ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... bind to receptor in
membrane, causes activation of g-protien, this activates adenylyl
cyclase which turns ATP into cAMP which is a secondary
messanger that activates kinase A- this activates target protein by
interact with genes
Describe the binding process of hydrophilic hormones- using
calcium ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... - hormone binds to
membrane receptor, activates g-protein, which activates
phopholipase C enzymes thta convert PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
IP3 mobilizes intracellular calcium to bind to calmodulin. This
complex can then activate calmodulin-Ca2+ protein kinase to
interact with target protein
Explain the binding complex of lipophilic proteins ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... -passes through membrane and into cell
where it binds with receptor and this complex binds to the
hormone element in the DNA which affects production of mRNA
and thus affects transcription
what is homeostasis ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... regulation of
the internal environment around a physiological set point
, Page 3 of 108
Required by cells and maintained through their specialized
functions
How is endocrine system different from other phgy systems ✓
✓...... ANSWER ....... has glands dispersed throughout the
body
What are the glands of the endocrine system like ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... dispersed throughout the body
not connected structurally
form a coordinate system
all secrete hormones
what are the main 4 endocrine glands ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
pituitary
parathyroid
thyroid
adrenal gland
also hypothalamus
, Page 4 of 108
How does the endocrine system work ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
uses hormones to make homeostatic changes
what are 6 functions of the endocrine system ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... maintain constant internal environment via
regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte balance
adaptive stress response
growth and development
reproduction
RBC production
integrat w the ANS in regulating circ and digestive functions
what are hormones ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... chem
substances secreted into the blood at low quantity
exert phgy force at a distant target
what are the two main categories of hormones ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... hydrophilic
lipophilic
what are hydrophilic hormones like ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
highly water sol
low lipid sl
PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM 2026 BANK/ COMPLETE
CURRENT TESTING QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED) TOP-RATED A+.
Define lipophilic hormones ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... water
insoluble, can pass through plasma membrane but need a carrier
transport to move through the blood, cellular receptors are within
the cell- include steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
Define hydrophilic hormones ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
hormones that are water soluble and do not need transporter in
the blood. Cannot pass through plamsa membrane and act on
membrane receptors. Include catecholamines and peptide
hormones
Explain the synthesis of hydrophilic hormones ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... 1. preprohormones made by ribosomes in
the endoplasmic reticulum
2. packaged and sent to the golgi where they are turned into
active hormones
3. stored in vesicle until signal is received- this initiates
endocytosis to release hormones into blood
, Page 2 of 108
Synthesis of lipophilic hormones ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
made by specific tissues that posses enzymes needed for
synthesis- not made before needed as they cannot be stored-
therefore production is regulated
Describe the binding process of hydrophilic hormones- using
cAMP ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... bind to receptor in
membrane, causes activation of g-protien, this activates adenylyl
cyclase which turns ATP into cAMP which is a secondary
messanger that activates kinase A- this activates target protein by
interact with genes
Describe the binding process of hydrophilic hormones- using
calcium ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... - hormone binds to
membrane receptor, activates g-protein, which activates
phopholipase C enzymes thta convert PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
IP3 mobilizes intracellular calcium to bind to calmodulin. This
complex can then activate calmodulin-Ca2+ protein kinase to
interact with target protein
Explain the binding complex of lipophilic proteins ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... -passes through membrane and into cell
where it binds with receptor and this complex binds to the
hormone element in the DNA which affects production of mRNA
and thus affects transcription
what is homeostasis ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... regulation of
the internal environment around a physiological set point
, Page 3 of 108
Required by cells and maintained through their specialized
functions
How is endocrine system different from other phgy systems ✓
✓...... ANSWER ....... has glands dispersed throughout the
body
What are the glands of the endocrine system like ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... dispersed throughout the body
not connected structurally
form a coordinate system
all secrete hormones
what are the main 4 endocrine glands ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
pituitary
parathyroid
thyroid
adrenal gland
also hypothalamus
, Page 4 of 108
How does the endocrine system work ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
uses hormones to make homeostatic changes
what are 6 functions of the endocrine system ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... maintain constant internal environment via
regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte balance
adaptive stress response
growth and development
reproduction
RBC production
integrat w the ANS in regulating circ and digestive functions
what are hormones ✓ ✓...... ANSWER ....... chem
substances secreted into the blood at low quantity
exert phgy force at a distant target
what are the two main categories of hormones ✓ ✓......
ANSWER ....... hydrophilic
lipophilic
what are hydrophilic hormones like ✓ ✓...... ANSWER .......
highly water sol
low lipid sl
