GOL 105 Exam 3 Module 9-12 Questions and Answers Graded A+
General term for the processes of folding, faulting, shear-
Deformation ing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of
various natural forces.
Outcrop Sites where bedrock is exposed at the surface.
(Rock structure)
Geologic structures All features created by the processes of deformation from
minor fractures in bedrock to a major mountain chain.
Stress The force per unit area acting on any surface within a solid.
Confining Pressure Stress that is applied uniformly in all directions.
Ditterential Stress forces that are unequal in ditterent directions.
Compressional Stress Ditterential stress that shortens a rock body.
Tensional Stress The type of stress that tends to pull a body apart.
Stress that causes two adjacent parts of a body to slide
Shear
past one another.
An irreversible change in the shape and size of a rock body
Strain
caused by stress.
Rock deformation in which the rock returns to nearly its
Elastic deformation (strain)
original size and shape when the stress is removed.
Deformation that involves the fracturing of rock. Associat-
Brittle deformation
ed with rocks near the surface.
A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the
size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at
Ductile deformation (folds)
depths where temperatures and confining pressures are
high.
A bent layer or series of layers that were originally hori-
Fold
zontal and subsequently deformed.
Anticline A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch.
Syncline
, A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of
anticline.
Dome A roughly circular upfolded structure.
Basins A circular downfolded structure.
A one-limbed flexure in strata. The strata are usually flat-ly-
Monocline
ing or very gently dipping on both sides of the monocline.
A break in a rock mass along which movement has oc-
Faults
curred.
The compass direction of the line of intersection created
Strikes by a dipping bed or fault and a horizontal surface. A strike
is always perpendicular to the direction of dip.
The angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the
Dip horizontal. The direction of dip is at a right angle to the
strike.
A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the
Dip slip Fault (Reverse Fault)
fault.
Hanging Wall Block The rock surface immediately above a fault.
Footwall blocks The rock surface below the fault
A fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved
Normal faults
down relative to the rock below.
A mountain that is formed by the displacement of rock
Fault-block Mountains (real life examples & formation)
along a fault.
Horst An elongate, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults.
A valley formed by the downward displacement of a
Graben
fault-bounded block.
A nearly horizontal fault that may extend for hundreds of
Detachment faults
kilometers below the surface. Such a fault represents a
General term for the processes of folding, faulting, shear-
Deformation ing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of
various natural forces.
Outcrop Sites where bedrock is exposed at the surface.
(Rock structure)
Geologic structures All features created by the processes of deformation from
minor fractures in bedrock to a major mountain chain.
Stress The force per unit area acting on any surface within a solid.
Confining Pressure Stress that is applied uniformly in all directions.
Ditterential Stress forces that are unequal in ditterent directions.
Compressional Stress Ditterential stress that shortens a rock body.
Tensional Stress The type of stress that tends to pull a body apart.
Stress that causes two adjacent parts of a body to slide
Shear
past one another.
An irreversible change in the shape and size of a rock body
Strain
caused by stress.
Rock deformation in which the rock returns to nearly its
Elastic deformation (strain)
original size and shape when the stress is removed.
Deformation that involves the fracturing of rock. Associat-
Brittle deformation
ed with rocks near the surface.
A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the
size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at
Ductile deformation (folds)
depths where temperatures and confining pressures are
high.
A bent layer or series of layers that were originally hori-
Fold
zontal and subsequently deformed.
Anticline A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch.
Syncline
, A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of
anticline.
Dome A roughly circular upfolded structure.
Basins A circular downfolded structure.
A one-limbed flexure in strata. The strata are usually flat-ly-
Monocline
ing or very gently dipping on both sides of the monocline.
A break in a rock mass along which movement has oc-
Faults
curred.
The compass direction of the line of intersection created
Strikes by a dipping bed or fault and a horizontal surface. A strike
is always perpendicular to the direction of dip.
The angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the
Dip horizontal. The direction of dip is at a right angle to the
strike.
A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the
Dip slip Fault (Reverse Fault)
fault.
Hanging Wall Block The rock surface immediately above a fault.
Footwall blocks The rock surface below the fault
A fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved
Normal faults
down relative to the rock below.
A mountain that is formed by the displacement of rock
Fault-block Mountains (real life examples & formation)
along a fault.
Horst An elongate, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults.
A valley formed by the downward displacement of a
Graben
fault-bounded block.
A nearly horizontal fault that may extend for hundreds of
Detachment faults
kilometers below the surface. Such a fault represents a
