Hondros 160 Exam Questions and Answers
with Verified Solutions | Latest Updated 2026
hypocalcemia causes thyroid surgery, chronic renal failure,
excess use
alcohol, pancreatic disease
hypocalcemia signs/symptoms osteoporosis, N/V, tetany, twitching,
hyperactive
deep tendon reflexes, Dysrythmias/cardiac
arrest
hypercalcemia causes multiple myeloma, inc. PTH, metastatic
bone
cancer, mvmt of bone to circulation, meds
hypercalcemia signs/symptoms kidney stones, thirst, polyuria,
dysrhythmias/cardiac
arrest, paralytic ileus, lethargy, coma
hypokalemia causes diuretics (Lasix), GI losses-vomit, diarrhea,
GI
suction, sweating
hypokalemia signs/symptoms skeletal muscle weakness, leg cramps,
dysrhythmias, dec. bowel
sounds/constipation,
N/V, dec. deep tendon reflexes, polyuria,
lethargy,
confusion
, hyperkalemia causes K+ intake, excess use of salt subst., Beta
blockers,
renal disease, destruction of RBCs
hyperkalemia signs/symptoms Dysrhythmias, irritability, muscle
fatigue/weakness,
hypotension
hypomagnesmia causes Alcoholism, malnutrition, starvation
hypomagnesmia signs/symptoms confusion, depression, agitation,
hyperactive deep
tendon reflexes, N/V, seizures,
tachycardia,
dysrhythmias
hypermagnesmia causes overuse antacids with Mg++, diabetic
ketoacidosis
with severe water loss, renal failure
hypermagnesmia signs/symptoms N/V, thirst, resp. depression, vasodilation,
loss of
deep tendon reflexes, hypotension,
possible coma
or death
hyponatremia causes vomit, diarrhea, too much drainage,
massive
edema, sm. bowel obstruction, ascites,
burns,
fistulas, loss through skin
with Verified Solutions | Latest Updated 2026
hypocalcemia causes thyroid surgery, chronic renal failure,
excess use
alcohol, pancreatic disease
hypocalcemia signs/symptoms osteoporosis, N/V, tetany, twitching,
hyperactive
deep tendon reflexes, Dysrythmias/cardiac
arrest
hypercalcemia causes multiple myeloma, inc. PTH, metastatic
bone
cancer, mvmt of bone to circulation, meds
hypercalcemia signs/symptoms kidney stones, thirst, polyuria,
dysrhythmias/cardiac
arrest, paralytic ileus, lethargy, coma
hypokalemia causes diuretics (Lasix), GI losses-vomit, diarrhea,
GI
suction, sweating
hypokalemia signs/symptoms skeletal muscle weakness, leg cramps,
dysrhythmias, dec. bowel
sounds/constipation,
N/V, dec. deep tendon reflexes, polyuria,
lethargy,
confusion
, hyperkalemia causes K+ intake, excess use of salt subst., Beta
blockers,
renal disease, destruction of RBCs
hyperkalemia signs/symptoms Dysrhythmias, irritability, muscle
fatigue/weakness,
hypotension
hypomagnesmia causes Alcoholism, malnutrition, starvation
hypomagnesmia signs/symptoms confusion, depression, agitation,
hyperactive deep
tendon reflexes, N/V, seizures,
tachycardia,
dysrhythmias
hypermagnesmia causes overuse antacids with Mg++, diabetic
ketoacidosis
with severe water loss, renal failure
hypermagnesmia signs/symptoms N/V, thirst, resp. depression, vasodilation,
loss of
deep tendon reflexes, hypotension,
possible coma
or death
hyponatremia causes vomit, diarrhea, too much drainage,
massive
edema, sm. bowel obstruction, ascites,
burns,
fistulas, loss through skin
