Hondros 160 Exam 2 Questions Questions
and Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
Calcium (serium) 8.5-10.5
Calcium (ionized) 4.5-5.1
Sodium 135-145
Potassium 3.5-5.0
Magnesium 1.5-2.5
causes of hypervolemia (over COPD, excessive salt intake, rapid water
hydration) intake,
poor I/O output
signs and symptoms- headache, weight gain, anemia, n/v,
hypervolemia distended neck
(over hydration) viens
causes of hypovolemia fever, vomiting, diarrhea, over exposure to
(dehydration) heat
, signs and symptoms- hypovolemia dry skin, dry mucus membranes,
(dehydration) confusion,
cramping, flat neck veins, poor skin turgor,
low bp,
increased heart rate, dark urine, urine oder
signs and symptoms- osteoporosis, fractures, anxiety, confusion,
hypocalcemia muscle
spasms, tetany, seizures
causes of hypocalcemia alcoholism, calcium deficiency, vitamin D
deficiency, chronic renal failure,
malabsorption,
severe burns, diuretics
signs and symptoms- kidney stones, n/v, coma, constipation,
hypercalcemia decreased
muscle tone
causes of hypercalcemia parathyroid increased, overuse of calcium
supplement, immobilization, bone cancer,
anti
acids, (any) thyroid issues
causes of hypomagnesiumia alcoholism, malnutrition, diarrhea, impaired
absorption
signs and symptoms- anorexia, no appetite, depression,
hypomagnesiumia confusion, n/v,
seizures, heart rhythm complicatons
and Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
Calcium (serium) 8.5-10.5
Calcium (ionized) 4.5-5.1
Sodium 135-145
Potassium 3.5-5.0
Magnesium 1.5-2.5
causes of hypervolemia (over COPD, excessive salt intake, rapid water
hydration) intake,
poor I/O output
signs and symptoms- headache, weight gain, anemia, n/v,
hypervolemia distended neck
(over hydration) viens
causes of hypovolemia fever, vomiting, diarrhea, over exposure to
(dehydration) heat
, signs and symptoms- hypovolemia dry skin, dry mucus membranes,
(dehydration) confusion,
cramping, flat neck veins, poor skin turgor,
low bp,
increased heart rate, dark urine, urine oder
signs and symptoms- osteoporosis, fractures, anxiety, confusion,
hypocalcemia muscle
spasms, tetany, seizures
causes of hypocalcemia alcoholism, calcium deficiency, vitamin D
deficiency, chronic renal failure,
malabsorption,
severe burns, diuretics
signs and symptoms- kidney stones, n/v, coma, constipation,
hypercalcemia decreased
muscle tone
causes of hypercalcemia parathyroid increased, overuse of calcium
supplement, immobilization, bone cancer,
anti
acids, (any) thyroid issues
causes of hypomagnesiumia alcoholism, malnutrition, diarrhea, impaired
absorption
signs and symptoms- anorexia, no appetite, depression,
hypomagnesiumia confusion, n/v,
seizures, heart rhythm complicatons
