Biology Chapter 4: A tour of cells
4 basic functional groups of eukaryotic cells - ✅✅ -1. nucleus & ribosomes- genetic
control
2. ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes-manufacture, distribution, and
breakdown of molecules
3. Mitochondria, chlorplasts- energy processing
4. cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cell wall- structural support, movement,
communication
anchoring junction - ✅✅ -function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong
sheets. common in skin and muscle.
arm -✅✅-the backbone of the microscope
base - ✅✅-the sturdiest portion of the microscope. Should always be carried with on
hand under base and one hand around the frame.
body tube - ✅✅ -allows the slide to be viewed using the eye piece. the light is bent or
refracted by the lenses to magnify the object viewed.
capsule - ✅✅ -jellylike sticky outer coating of many prokaryotes. It helps glue the cells
to surfaces or to other cells in a colony. Some have short projections that help attach to
each other
cell theory - ✅✅ -made in mid 1800s, a collection of statements. Living things are
composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and new cells are produced from
pre-existing cells.
✅✅
cell wall - -A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and
some other organisms.
cellular metabolism - ✅✅-the many chemical activities of cells, occurs within
organelles
central vacuole - ✅✅ -helps the cell grow in size by absorbing water and enlarging. It
also stockpiles vital chemicals and safely storing toxic waste products.
centrosome - ✅✅ -A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the
spindle fibers develop.
chloroplasts - ✅✅ -the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae. it is enclosed
by an inner and outer membrane seperated by the intermembrane space.
chromatin - ✅✅-the complex of proteins and DNA appeasrs as a diffuse mass within
the nucleus
chromosomes - ✅✅-threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the
genes
Chromosomes - ✅✅-threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the
genes
, ✅✅
cilia - -Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used
for locomotion, sweep mucus and trapped debris out of lungs.
coarse adjustment /focus - ✅✅-allows to quickly raise or lower the stage to bring the
slide into view.
compartmentalization - ✅✅ -Membrane-bound organelles allow different parts of the
cell to perform different functions at the same time. A lysosome provides an acidic
environment for its enzymes, while isolating them from the rest of the cell for safety.
✅✅-folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria
cristae -
Cytoplasm - ✅✅-the entire contents within the cell membrane, including the
organelles.
cytoskeleton - ✅✅ -A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and aids in movement
Cytosol (Cytoplasm) - ✅✅-Semifluid, jellylike substances in which sub-cellular
components are suspended
Diaphram - ✅✅-Controls the amount of light passing through the opening of the stage
dyneins - ✅✅-In cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from one
microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein
shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella.
Electron microscope (EM) - ✅✅ -a new microscope in the 1950s where a focused
beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface. can distinguish bio structures
as about 2 nanometers. This allowed to explore ultrastructure and complex internal
anatomy of a cell.
endomembrane system - ✅✅ -A network of membranes inside and around a
eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of
membranous vesicles.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ✅✅ -An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic
cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded
(rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
endosymbiont theory - ✅✅ -states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly
small prokaryotes that megal living within larger cells. may have entered as undigested
prey or parasites
eukaryotes - ✅✅
-organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles; the domain is eukarya.
eukaryotic cells -✅✅ -the second type that evolved from some of prokaryotic cells
about 1.8 billion years ago. Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by
membranes.
extracellular matrix (ECM) - ✅✅ -an elaborate layer that helps hold cells together in
tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane. main components are
glycoproteins, such as collagen.
4 basic functional groups of eukaryotic cells - ✅✅ -1. nucleus & ribosomes- genetic
control
2. ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes-manufacture, distribution, and
breakdown of molecules
3. Mitochondria, chlorplasts- energy processing
4. cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cell wall- structural support, movement,
communication
anchoring junction - ✅✅ -function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong
sheets. common in skin and muscle.
arm -✅✅-the backbone of the microscope
base - ✅✅-the sturdiest portion of the microscope. Should always be carried with on
hand under base and one hand around the frame.
body tube - ✅✅ -allows the slide to be viewed using the eye piece. the light is bent or
refracted by the lenses to magnify the object viewed.
capsule - ✅✅ -jellylike sticky outer coating of many prokaryotes. It helps glue the cells
to surfaces or to other cells in a colony. Some have short projections that help attach to
each other
cell theory - ✅✅ -made in mid 1800s, a collection of statements. Living things are
composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and new cells are produced from
pre-existing cells.
✅✅
cell wall - -A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and
some other organisms.
cellular metabolism - ✅✅-the many chemical activities of cells, occurs within
organelles
central vacuole - ✅✅ -helps the cell grow in size by absorbing water and enlarging. It
also stockpiles vital chemicals and safely storing toxic waste products.
centrosome - ✅✅ -A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the
spindle fibers develop.
chloroplasts - ✅✅ -the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae. it is enclosed
by an inner and outer membrane seperated by the intermembrane space.
chromatin - ✅✅-the complex of proteins and DNA appeasrs as a diffuse mass within
the nucleus
chromosomes - ✅✅-threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the
genes
Chromosomes - ✅✅-threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the
genes
, ✅✅
cilia - -Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used
for locomotion, sweep mucus and trapped debris out of lungs.
coarse adjustment /focus - ✅✅-allows to quickly raise or lower the stage to bring the
slide into view.
compartmentalization - ✅✅ -Membrane-bound organelles allow different parts of the
cell to perform different functions at the same time. A lysosome provides an acidic
environment for its enzymes, while isolating them from the rest of the cell for safety.
✅✅-folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria
cristae -
Cytoplasm - ✅✅-the entire contents within the cell membrane, including the
organelles.
cytoskeleton - ✅✅ -A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and aids in movement
Cytosol (Cytoplasm) - ✅✅-Semifluid, jellylike substances in which sub-cellular
components are suspended
Diaphram - ✅✅-Controls the amount of light passing through the opening of the stage
dyneins - ✅✅-In cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from one
microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein
shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella.
Electron microscope (EM) - ✅✅ -a new microscope in the 1950s where a focused
beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface. can distinguish bio structures
as about 2 nanometers. This allowed to explore ultrastructure and complex internal
anatomy of a cell.
endomembrane system - ✅✅ -A network of membranes inside and around a
eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of
membranous vesicles.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ✅✅ -An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic
cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded
(rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
endosymbiont theory - ✅✅ -states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly
small prokaryotes that megal living within larger cells. may have entered as undigested
prey or parasites
eukaryotes - ✅✅
-organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles; the domain is eukarya.
eukaryotic cells -✅✅ -the second type that evolved from some of prokaryotic cells
about 1.8 billion years ago. Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by
membranes.
extracellular matrix (ECM) - ✅✅ -an elaborate layer that helps hold cells together in
tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane. main components are
glycoproteins, such as collagen.
