MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
Final with questions and well verified
answers actual exam!!! 2026
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - ANSWER -Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%)
of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the
glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - ANSWER -When a whole glomerulus
(singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only
a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER -An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most
forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER -characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and
with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Nephritic syndrome - ANSWER -Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and
plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
, Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER -refers to an increase in
glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary
space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and
represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER -refers to glomerular scar
formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER -refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - ANSWER -A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - ANSWER -cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder;
major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - ANSWER -History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER -An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of
one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - ANSWER -inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called
cysts develop in the kidneys
Final with questions and well verified
answers actual exam!!! 2026
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - ANSWER -Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%)
of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the
glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - ANSWER -When a whole glomerulus
(singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only
a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER -An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most
forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER -characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and
with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Nephritic syndrome - ANSWER -Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and
plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
, Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER -refers to an increase in
glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary
space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and
represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER -refers to glomerular scar
formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER -refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - ANSWER -A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - ANSWER -cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder;
major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - ANSWER -History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER -An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of
one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - ANSWER -inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called
cysts develop in the kidneys
