NR507 FINAL EXAM –
COMPREHENSIVE
ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
REVIEW WITH ANSWERS
(CHAMBERLAIN 2026)
Dermatomes - CORRECT ANSWER -area of the skin that is mainly
supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These
spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and
their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANSWER -Acetylcholine-
Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors).
parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANSWER -structural defect (degeneration,
fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the
,vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior
structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER -Parietal
lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the
postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral
gyrus forming the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little
man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and
motor
Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANSWER -ischemic but not infarcted
(salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANSWER -ischemic- white infarct
(affected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis appears by
48 to 72 hours.
, Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue.
necrosis resolves around the 2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER -Toxins (usually amino acids) that
overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - CORRECT ANSWER -the inability to recognize familiar
objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body,
sides and #s)- L angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER -Bleeding into the
subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats
nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacterial- Meningococcus and S.
pneumococcus bacteria are most common
COMPREHENSIVE
ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
REVIEW WITH ANSWERS
(CHAMBERLAIN 2026)
Dermatomes - CORRECT ANSWER -area of the skin that is mainly
supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These
spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and
their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANSWER -Acetylcholine-
Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors).
parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANSWER -structural defect (degeneration,
fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the
,vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior
structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER -Parietal
lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the
postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral
gyrus forming the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little
man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and
motor
Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANSWER -ischemic but not infarcted
(salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANSWER -ischemic- white infarct
(affected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis appears by
48 to 72 hours.
, Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue.
necrosis resolves around the 2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER -Toxins (usually amino acids) that
overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - CORRECT ANSWER -the inability to recognize familiar
objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body,
sides and #s)- L angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER -Bleeding into the
subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats
nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacterial- Meningococcus and S.
pneumococcus bacteria are most common
