NSG 533 EXAM 1, 2, 3 & 4 (WILKES) NEWEST 2026
PACKAGE DEAL| NSG533 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM REVIEWS WITH COMPLETE
REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A (MOST RECENT!!)
Q1. Define reperfusion injury.
A) Damage caused by prolonged ischemia before blood flow is
restored
B) Additional cell damage occurring when blood flow is restored
to ischemic tissues
C) Injury resulting from chronic hypertension
D) Apoptosis of cardiac myocytes following myocardial infarction
Answer: B) Additional cell damage occurring when blood flow is
restored to ischemic tissues
1
,Rationale: Reperfusion injury refers to the paradoxical
exacerbation of cellular dysfunction and death that occurs
following restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic tissues.
Despite the essential nature of reperfusion, the reintroduction of
oxygen generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause
further cellular damage beyond that caused by ischemia alone .
Q2. Which of the following is a proposed mechanism of
reperfusion injury?
A) Decreased intracellular calcium
B) Oxidative stress
C) Reduced inflammation
D) Complement inhibition
Answer: B) Oxidative stress
Rationale: The five proposed mechanisms of reperfusion injury
include: oxidative stress, nitrogen-based free radical formation,
increased intracellular calcium, inflammation, and complement
2
,activation. Reoxygenation generates ROS and nitrogen species
that damage membrane proteins and phospholipids .
Q3. Which four reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated
during oxidative stress in reperfusion injury?
A) Hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical ion, nitric oxide-derived
peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide
B) Carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonic acid, peroxide
C) Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium ions
D) ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP
Answer: A) Hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical ion, nitric
oxide-derived peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide
Rationale: During reperfusion injury, reoxygenation generates
these four ROS, which damage membrane proteins and
phospholipids. The hydroxyl radical is particularly damaging,
while hydrogen peroxide can cross cell membranes and cause
widespread oxidative damage .
3
, Q4. What happens when nitrogen-based free radicals are
formed in reperfusion injury?
A) Cell membrane repair is enhanced
B) Further damage to the cell membrane occurs and calcium
overloads the mitochondria
C) Apoptosis is inhibited
D) ATP production increases
Answer: B) Further damage to the cell membrane occurs and
calcium overloads the mitochondria
Rationale: Nitrogen-based free radicals (such as peroxynitrite)
cause additional cell membrane damage and contribute to
calcium overload in mitochondria. This mitochondrial calcium
overload triggers opening of the mitochondrial permeability
transition pore, leading to cell death .
Q5. A patient presents with yellow discoloration of the skin
and connective tissue. Laboratory evaluation shows excessive
4
PACKAGE DEAL| NSG533 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM REVIEWS WITH COMPLETE
REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A (MOST RECENT!!)
Q1. Define reperfusion injury.
A) Damage caused by prolonged ischemia before blood flow is
restored
B) Additional cell damage occurring when blood flow is restored
to ischemic tissues
C) Injury resulting from chronic hypertension
D) Apoptosis of cardiac myocytes following myocardial infarction
Answer: B) Additional cell damage occurring when blood flow is
restored to ischemic tissues
1
,Rationale: Reperfusion injury refers to the paradoxical
exacerbation of cellular dysfunction and death that occurs
following restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic tissues.
Despite the essential nature of reperfusion, the reintroduction of
oxygen generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause
further cellular damage beyond that caused by ischemia alone .
Q2. Which of the following is a proposed mechanism of
reperfusion injury?
A) Decreased intracellular calcium
B) Oxidative stress
C) Reduced inflammation
D) Complement inhibition
Answer: B) Oxidative stress
Rationale: The five proposed mechanisms of reperfusion injury
include: oxidative stress, nitrogen-based free radical formation,
increased intracellular calcium, inflammation, and complement
2
,activation. Reoxygenation generates ROS and nitrogen species
that damage membrane proteins and phospholipids .
Q3. Which four reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated
during oxidative stress in reperfusion injury?
A) Hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical ion, nitric oxide-derived
peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide
B) Carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonic acid, peroxide
C) Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium ions
D) ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP
Answer: A) Hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical ion, nitric
oxide-derived peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide
Rationale: During reperfusion injury, reoxygenation generates
these four ROS, which damage membrane proteins and
phospholipids. The hydroxyl radical is particularly damaging,
while hydrogen peroxide can cross cell membranes and cause
widespread oxidative damage .
3
, Q4. What happens when nitrogen-based free radicals are
formed in reperfusion injury?
A) Cell membrane repair is enhanced
B) Further damage to the cell membrane occurs and calcium
overloads the mitochondria
C) Apoptosis is inhibited
D) ATP production increases
Answer: B) Further damage to the cell membrane occurs and
calcium overloads the mitochondria
Rationale: Nitrogen-based free radicals (such as peroxynitrite)
cause additional cell membrane damage and contribute to
calcium overload in mitochondria. This mitochondrial calcium
overload triggers opening of the mitochondrial permeability
transition pore, leading to cell death .
Q5. A patient presents with yellow discoloration of the skin
and connective tissue. Laboratory evaluation shows excessive
4
