NR 565 Final Exam Latest Update 2025
With Questions and Answers(verified
answers)|Graded A+|Assured Success
Metformin side effects - DETAILED ANSWER-Anorexia, GI upset, nausea, diarrhea, B12 (peripheral
neuropathy)/Folate deficiency (impair CNS development in fetuses)
Which drug inhibits glucose production in the liver, reduces glucose absorbtion in the gut and sensitizes
insulin receptors to increase glucose reuptake - DETAILED ANSWER-Metformin
,Metformin dosage - DETAILED ANSWER-gi side effects lead to discontinuation of treatment
500mg lowest dose daily, then 500 BID. Max dose 2000mg.
Safe for use during pregnancy
Metformin Therapy weight - DETAILED ANSWER-does not cause weight gain. appetite suppression. In
presence and absence of nausea.
sulfon - DETAILED ANSWER-glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
sulfonyureas - DETAILED ANSWER-MOA - stimulates release of insulin from pancreas, long-term
enhances insulin sensitivity. (pancreatic islet)
Contraindicated Sulfonyurea - DETAILED ANSWER-pregnancy, lactating, kidney, liver issues (causes
compound effect)
glinides - DETAILED ANSWER-action similar to sulfonylureas, increase insulin secretion from the
pancreas (shorter acting than sulfonylureas) patients who are not responsive to glinides then also not
responsive to sulfonyurea
glinides con - DETAILED ANSWER-Pregnancy and lactation
DKA
Cautious use in renal or hepatic dysfunction
Gemfibrizil (fibrite used to control lipids)
Negative feedback system in hypothyroidism - DETAILED ANSWER-Production of T3 and T3 by the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
TRH - DETAILED ANSWER-from the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH
, TSH (negative feedback loop) - DETAILED ANSWER-acts as the gauge for the hypothalamus to know if it
needs more or less TRH and subsequently more or less TSH
Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200
mg/dL.
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/d (8hrs) - DETAILED ANSWER-Diabetes Mellitis
2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL.
The test uses a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water. -
DETAILED ANSWER-Diabetes Mellitis (glucose tolerance test)
HgB A1c > or equal to 6.5 - DETAILED ANSWER-Diabetes Mellitis Labs
Pre-Diabetes Glucose tolerance test - DETAILED ANSWER-Plasma glucose 140 to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2
hours post-ingestion of standard glucose load (75 g) or
HgB A1c 5.7-6.4 - DETAILED ANSWER-Prediabetes
Diabetes Treatment Step 1 - DETAILED ANSWER-Lifestyle Changes
Metformin
Diabetes Treatment Step 2 - DETAILED ANSWER-Step 1 (lifestyle and metformin) Second
Drug
Diabetes Treatment Step 3 - DETAILED ANSWER-Step 1+2
Third Drug
Diabetes Treatment step 4 - DETAILED ANSWER-Consider GLP-1 Agonist if Step 3 includes basal insulin
With Questions and Answers(verified
answers)|Graded A+|Assured Success
Metformin side effects - DETAILED ANSWER-Anorexia, GI upset, nausea, diarrhea, B12 (peripheral
neuropathy)/Folate deficiency (impair CNS development in fetuses)
Which drug inhibits glucose production in the liver, reduces glucose absorbtion in the gut and sensitizes
insulin receptors to increase glucose reuptake - DETAILED ANSWER-Metformin
,Metformin dosage - DETAILED ANSWER-gi side effects lead to discontinuation of treatment
500mg lowest dose daily, then 500 BID. Max dose 2000mg.
Safe for use during pregnancy
Metformin Therapy weight - DETAILED ANSWER-does not cause weight gain. appetite suppression. In
presence and absence of nausea.
sulfon - DETAILED ANSWER-glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
sulfonyureas - DETAILED ANSWER-MOA - stimulates release of insulin from pancreas, long-term
enhances insulin sensitivity. (pancreatic islet)
Contraindicated Sulfonyurea - DETAILED ANSWER-pregnancy, lactating, kidney, liver issues (causes
compound effect)
glinides - DETAILED ANSWER-action similar to sulfonylureas, increase insulin secretion from the
pancreas (shorter acting than sulfonylureas) patients who are not responsive to glinides then also not
responsive to sulfonyurea
glinides con - DETAILED ANSWER-Pregnancy and lactation
DKA
Cautious use in renal or hepatic dysfunction
Gemfibrizil (fibrite used to control lipids)
Negative feedback system in hypothyroidism - DETAILED ANSWER-Production of T3 and T3 by the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
TRH - DETAILED ANSWER-from the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH
, TSH (negative feedback loop) - DETAILED ANSWER-acts as the gauge for the hypothalamus to know if it
needs more or less TRH and subsequently more or less TSH
Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200
mg/dL.
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/d (8hrs) - DETAILED ANSWER-Diabetes Mellitis
2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL.
The test uses a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water. -
DETAILED ANSWER-Diabetes Mellitis (glucose tolerance test)
HgB A1c > or equal to 6.5 - DETAILED ANSWER-Diabetes Mellitis Labs
Pre-Diabetes Glucose tolerance test - DETAILED ANSWER-Plasma glucose 140 to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2
hours post-ingestion of standard glucose load (75 g) or
HgB A1c 5.7-6.4 - DETAILED ANSWER-Prediabetes
Diabetes Treatment Step 1 - DETAILED ANSWER-Lifestyle Changes
Metformin
Diabetes Treatment Step 2 - DETAILED ANSWER-Step 1 (lifestyle and metformin) Second
Drug
Diabetes Treatment Step 3 - DETAILED ANSWER-Step 1+2
Third Drug
Diabetes Treatment step 4 - DETAILED ANSWER-Consider GLP-1 Agonist if Step 3 includes basal insulin
