NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology (NR 507)
Chamberlain University 2026 Final Exam Questions
and Answers Comprehensive Exam Preparation
Material
1. A 45-year-old with chronic hepatitis B develops
hepatocellular carcinoma. Which cellular process is most
directly responsible?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Dysplasia progressing to anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation leads to dysplastic
changes; when cells become anaplastic (loss of
differentiation), malignancy results. Apoptosis is
programmed cell death; necrosis is pathologic cell death;
metaplasia is reversible replacement.
1
,2. Which statement best describes the role of tumor
suppressor genes?
A. They promote cell cycle progression.
B. They inhibit apoptosis.
C. They regulate DNA repair and cell cycle arrest.
D. They encode growth factors.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and Rb
regulate DNA repair and cause cell cycle arrest when
damage is detected. Loss of function leads to uncontrolled
cell division and cancer.
3. A patient with heart failure has enlarged
cardiomyocytes. This is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
2
,Rationale: Increased workload causes increased cell size
(hypertrophy). Cardiomyocytes do not divide significantly,
so hyperplasia does not occur in adult cardiac muscle.
4. Which is a hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
A. ATP depletion
B. Swelling of mitochondria
C. Loss of membrane integrity
D. Reduced protein synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of membrane integrity leads to enzyme
leakage and inability to restore homeostasis. ATP
depletion and mitochondrial swelling are reversible if the
insult is removed.
5. Free radical injury is implicated in reperfusion injury
after myocardial infarction. Which antioxidant protects
cell membranes?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin E
3
, C. Glutathione peroxidase
D. Superoxide dismutase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Vitamin E is lipid-soluble and incorporated into
cell membranes, where it breaks lipid peroxidation chain
reactions caused by free radicals.
Inflammation & Immunity
6. A 30-year-old presents with recurrent boils caused
by S. aureus. Which white blood cell is primarily
responsible for initial phagocytosis?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Eosinophil
C. Neutrophil
D. Basophil
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders to
bacterial infection; they phagocytose pathogens and
4
Chamberlain University 2026 Final Exam Questions
and Answers Comprehensive Exam Preparation
Material
1. A 45-year-old with chronic hepatitis B develops
hepatocellular carcinoma. Which cellular process is most
directly responsible?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Dysplasia progressing to anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation leads to dysplastic
changes; when cells become anaplastic (loss of
differentiation), malignancy results. Apoptosis is
programmed cell death; necrosis is pathologic cell death;
metaplasia is reversible replacement.
1
,2. Which statement best describes the role of tumor
suppressor genes?
A. They promote cell cycle progression.
B. They inhibit apoptosis.
C. They regulate DNA repair and cell cycle arrest.
D. They encode growth factors.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and Rb
regulate DNA repair and cause cell cycle arrest when
damage is detected. Loss of function leads to uncontrolled
cell division and cancer.
3. A patient with heart failure has enlarged
cardiomyocytes. This is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
2
,Rationale: Increased workload causes increased cell size
(hypertrophy). Cardiomyocytes do not divide significantly,
so hyperplasia does not occur in adult cardiac muscle.
4. Which is a hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
A. ATP depletion
B. Swelling of mitochondria
C. Loss of membrane integrity
D. Reduced protein synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of membrane integrity leads to enzyme
leakage and inability to restore homeostasis. ATP
depletion and mitochondrial swelling are reversible if the
insult is removed.
5. Free radical injury is implicated in reperfusion injury
after myocardial infarction. Which antioxidant protects
cell membranes?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin E
3
, C. Glutathione peroxidase
D. Superoxide dismutase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Vitamin E is lipid-soluble and incorporated into
cell membranes, where it breaks lipid peroxidation chain
reactions caused by free radicals.
Inflammation & Immunity
6. A 30-year-old presents with recurrent boils caused
by S. aureus. Which white blood cell is primarily
responsible for initial phagocytosis?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Eosinophil
C. Neutrophil
D. Basophil
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders to
bacterial infection; they phagocytose pathogens and
4
