NR 224 EXAM 2
1. ventilation
*Answer√√ movement of air into and out of lungs, regulation in aveoli
2. perfusion
*Answer√√ ability of cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return deoxygenated
blood to lungs
3. pulmonary system
*Answer√√ lungs, airways, chest walls, blood vessels
4. hypoxia
*Answer√√ low oxygen in tissues
5. hypoxemia
*Answer√√ low oxygen in blood
6. hypoventilation
*Answer√√ ventilation inadequate to meet oxygen needs or eliminate enough CO2, caused by
collapsed alveoli
7. hyperventilation
*Answer√√ increased respiratory rate which causes excess CO2 elimination, anxiety/infec-
tion/drugs/acid-base imbalance induce hyperventilation bers
8. conduction system
*Answer√√ sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, Purkinje fi
9. electrocardiogram (ECG)
*Answer√√ ECG waveform (P wave, QRS complex, T wave)
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,10. alterations of circulatory system
*Answer√√ decreased cardiac output (heart failure), myocardial ischemia (myocardial infarction),
impaired valvular function (obstructed blood flow, regurgitation), left-sided heart failure (decreased cardiac output,
pulmonary congestion), right-sided heart failure (distended jugular veins, peripheral edema), hypovolemia
(decreased circulating blood flow)
11. sinus tachycardia
*Answer√√ regular rhythm, fast rate of 100-180 bpm
12. sinus bradycardia
*Answer√√ regular rhythm, slow rate of <60 bpm
13. atrial fibrillation dentifiable P wave
*Answer√√ irregular ventricular response, irregular cardiac rate of rhythm, no i
14. ventricular tachycardia
*Answer√√ slightly irregular rhythm with rate of 100-200 bpm, absent weird QRS
complex
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, 15. ventricular fibrillation
*Answer√√ irregular and chaotic rhythm with no discernible rate/waves, ventricular quiv-ering, not
pumping, immediate resuscitation
asystole
16. *Answer√√ absence of electrical activity, immediate resuscitation
17. factors affecting oxygenation
*Answer√√ decreased oxygen carrying capacity (altered hemoglobin, i.e. ane-mia), decreased inspired
oxygen concentration (upper/lower airway obstruction, decreased environmental oxy-gen-i.e. high altitudes,
decreased delivery of inspired oxygen), increased metabolic rate (fever), conditions attecting chest wall movement
(musculoskeletal abnormalities, nervous system diseases, trauma)
18. nursing process
*Answer√√ diagnosis (oxygenation): activity intolerance inettective
airway clearance
inettective breathing pattern
decreased cardiac output
fatigue
impaired gas exchange
risk for infection
acute pain
19. maintenance and promotion of lung expansion*Answer√√ positioning (45 degrees
semi-Fowler's best for lung expansion and reduce pressure from abdomen on diaphragm), incentive spirometer,
chest physiother-apy (postural drainage, chest percussion, vibration), chest tubes
20. noninvasive ventilation*Answer√√ continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
21. oxygen therapy*Answer√√ nasal cannula, simple face mask, non-rebreather, non-rebreather ompressed
with bag, c gas cylinder (intermittent, i.e. exercise, sleep), liquid oxygen system (high volume users/active gen concen-
pt.'s), oxy trators (cost ettective, low flow continuous oxygen and pt.'s with limited mobility
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1. ventilation
*Answer√√ movement of air into and out of lungs, regulation in aveoli
2. perfusion
*Answer√√ ability of cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return deoxygenated
blood to lungs
3. pulmonary system
*Answer√√ lungs, airways, chest walls, blood vessels
4. hypoxia
*Answer√√ low oxygen in tissues
5. hypoxemia
*Answer√√ low oxygen in blood
6. hypoventilation
*Answer√√ ventilation inadequate to meet oxygen needs or eliminate enough CO2, caused by
collapsed alveoli
7. hyperventilation
*Answer√√ increased respiratory rate which causes excess CO2 elimination, anxiety/infec-
tion/drugs/acid-base imbalance induce hyperventilation bers
8. conduction system
*Answer√√ sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, Purkinje fi
9. electrocardiogram (ECG)
*Answer√√ ECG waveform (P wave, QRS complex, T wave)
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16
,10. alterations of circulatory system
*Answer√√ decreased cardiac output (heart failure), myocardial ischemia (myocardial infarction),
impaired valvular function (obstructed blood flow, regurgitation), left-sided heart failure (decreased cardiac output,
pulmonary congestion), right-sided heart failure (distended jugular veins, peripheral edema), hypovolemia
(decreased circulating blood flow)
11. sinus tachycardia
*Answer√√ regular rhythm, fast rate of 100-180 bpm
12. sinus bradycardia
*Answer√√ regular rhythm, slow rate of <60 bpm
13. atrial fibrillation dentifiable P wave
*Answer√√ irregular ventricular response, irregular cardiac rate of rhythm, no i
14. ventricular tachycardia
*Answer√√ slightly irregular rhythm with rate of 100-200 bpm, absent weird QRS
complex
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, 15. ventricular fibrillation
*Answer√√ irregular and chaotic rhythm with no discernible rate/waves, ventricular quiv-ering, not
pumping, immediate resuscitation
asystole
16. *Answer√√ absence of electrical activity, immediate resuscitation
17. factors affecting oxygenation
*Answer√√ decreased oxygen carrying capacity (altered hemoglobin, i.e. ane-mia), decreased inspired
oxygen concentration (upper/lower airway obstruction, decreased environmental oxy-gen-i.e. high altitudes,
decreased delivery of inspired oxygen), increased metabolic rate (fever), conditions attecting chest wall movement
(musculoskeletal abnormalities, nervous system diseases, trauma)
18. nursing process
*Answer√√ diagnosis (oxygenation): activity intolerance inettective
airway clearance
inettective breathing pattern
decreased cardiac output
fatigue
impaired gas exchange
risk for infection
acute pain
19. maintenance and promotion of lung expansion*Answer√√ positioning (45 degrees
semi-Fowler's best for lung expansion and reduce pressure from abdomen on diaphragm), incentive spirometer,
chest physiother-apy (postural drainage, chest percussion, vibration), chest tubes
20. noninvasive ventilation*Answer√√ continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
21. oxygen therapy*Answer√√ nasal cannula, simple face mask, non-rebreather, non-rebreather ompressed
with bag, c gas cylinder (intermittent, i.e. exercise, sleep), liquid oxygen system (high volume users/active gen concen-
pt.'s), oxy trators (cost ettective, low flow continuous oxygen and pt.'s with limited mobility
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16
