Prohibits = verbieden
H1:
International law is law agreed by two or more states and is applicable to those states and in most
cases their nationals.
States that sign a treaty or convention agree to be bound by its rules. Sometimes states reserve the
right to determine at a later date to what extent a treaty or convention will affect the state or its
nationals.
International law can be divided into:
international public law = set-up of international institutions, human rights and the
extradition of nationals from another country to their home country. (overheid vs burgers en
andere organisaties)
international private law = to solve problems in international and legal relationships which
arise from different legal systems. (recht tussen private organisaties onderling) When a
contract of sale involves two countries, there can be no choice over which legal system to
use. International private law deals with three main issues:
1. jurisdiction in cases of litigation between two parties from different states
2. the law to be applied in cases of international litigation between two private parties
3. and solutions to legal problems arising out of an international legal relationship
international business law: international private law concerning the activities and
organization of multi-national businesses
international private law:
applicable law: welk rechtstelsel is van toepassing, dit wordt geregeld in Rome 1
competent forum: welke rechter is bevoegd, dit wordt geregeld in Brussels 1
execution of verdicts: bijv rechtsuitspraak uit Nederland uitvoeren in een andere lidstaat
civil law or common law:
civil law: majority of EU countries use a civil law system. Law can be found in books and rules
common law: no written rules of law, law is shaped by decisions of judges, used in America
EU law means: the treaty on the functioning of the EU and all legislation which is bases on it, binding
for all member states of the EU. EU law consists of the TFEU and all the regulations, directives and
decisions based on that treaty together with the case law of the European Court of Justice.
Differences between EU law and International law:
all EU law is bases on one treaty, the treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU),
instead of numerous treaties on various subjects.
Several institutions and types of legislation are based on this TFEU, and this is unusual in the
field of international private law.
EU law does not cover every aspect of business competition between member states or between
undertakings that are or are not of the same member state.
The European commission investigates and decides whether or not the conduct of an undertaking is
in conflict with TFEU.
,The main objective of the EU is to achieve economic integration through the use of a common
market where goods, persons, capital and services can circulate freely.
Supremacy of EU law: EU law takes precedence over national law and is thus applied uniformly
throughout the EU (EU law is higher than the laws of member states). In EU law we can distinguish
between:
Directly applicable law: the provisions of EU law apply directly within legal systems of the
member states, without the need for further acts by the governments of these member
states. The TFEU determines what EU law is to be directly applicable. Article 288 TFEU states
that regulations of the EU are always directly applicable and that a regulation shall have
general application.
Directly effective law: has no connection with the principle of direct effect of EU law. EU law
has a direct effect when the ECJ decides that a national is allowed to use EU law in a national
court of law.
ECJ = european court of justice (europees hof van justitie)
Institutions of the EU (more info from blz 17, 18, 19):
European parliament (articles 233-234 FTEU)
Council of the EU( articles 235, 236 FTEU)
Council of ministers (articles 237-243) (very powerful)
European commission (articles 244-250)
European court of justice (articles 251-281)
Apart from the TFEU, there are several other types of legislation:
Regulations (richtlijnen): general rules that apply uniformly throughout the EU, and no
further acts of member states are necessary.
Directives (verordeningen): require each member state to implement the legislation in a
directive within a certain period of time. They grand member states discretionary powers as
to the means of implementation.
Decisions (beslissingen): individual acts, binding on a member state or an individual or a
group of individuals.
A national court is entitled to put questions concerning the validity and interpretation of the EU law
to the ECJ. Art 267 TFEU ensures a uniform interpretation of the articles of the TFEU and uniformity
in the application of EU law throughout the EU.
Conditions for a preliminary ruling (beslissing van rechter) under art 267 TFEU:
1. Every court or tribunal member of state may request a preliminary ruling of the ECJ.
2. The necessity of the preliminary ruling.
3. No judicial remedy under national law.
4. Questions put before the European court of justice must involve genuine issues of EU law
raised in that national court.
A preliminary ruling under art 267 TFEU binds the national court in that particular case.
Under art 263 TFEU when an action for annulment is raised the ECJ reviews the legality of acts of the
institutions of the EU. Regulations, directives and decisions are revisable acts (herzienbare
handelingen)
, There are four grounds for challenge, these are mentioned in art 263 (2 TFEU).
Time limit is two weeks.
Art 264 TFEU states that acts will be nullified as a result of this procedure. The institutions of the EU
must take appropriate measures to compensate plaintiffs and produce legislation to replace any act
nullified under art 263 TFEU.
Onderaan Blz 35 voor samenvatting case of Costa vs ENEL, case of van Gend & Loos, case Francovich,
case of Foglia vc Novello.
Three important questions in international contract law:
1. Which court has jurisdiction
2. Which law is applicable
3. Are any specific treaties which may prevail
State liability is possible on the following conditions (Francovich) :
The Directive must grant rights to individuals
The content of the Directive is clear
There is a causal link between the damages suffered and the failure to implement the
Directive
In case all 3 conditions are met, compensation for damages can be claimed successfully.
H2:
The preliminary stage = the stage prior to the final agreement between two parties.
An agreement consists of an offer and the acceptance of that offer. Stages of making an agreement:
1. A draws up an offer and sends it to B.
- An object is described
- A price is determined
- A number of objects is stated
2. The offer is delivered to B.
3. B takes the time to think things over.
4. B comes to a decision and sends his acceptance to A.
- Up to this point A can still revoke the offer he made to B. Revoking an offer in this case
would require A to inform B that he is no longer interested in selling goods to B and that
he therefore withdraws his valid offer.
- Revoking an offer is not possible if: the offer has already been accepted by the other
party or when it can be deduced from the text of the offer itself that the offer is
irrevocable.
5. B’s acceptance reaches A: at the very moment B’s acceptance reaches A the agreement
becomes final.
6. This moment is just after the moment when an agreement becomes final.
A letter of intent is often used to establish the current status of negotiations between the parties
involved. It is also intended to be a draft version of the final agreement.
In common law breaking off negotiations is always allowed. In civil law systems depending on the
stage of negotiations, breaking off negotiations is allowed or not.
H1:
International law is law agreed by two or more states and is applicable to those states and in most
cases their nationals.
States that sign a treaty or convention agree to be bound by its rules. Sometimes states reserve the
right to determine at a later date to what extent a treaty or convention will affect the state or its
nationals.
International law can be divided into:
international public law = set-up of international institutions, human rights and the
extradition of nationals from another country to their home country. (overheid vs burgers en
andere organisaties)
international private law = to solve problems in international and legal relationships which
arise from different legal systems. (recht tussen private organisaties onderling) When a
contract of sale involves two countries, there can be no choice over which legal system to
use. International private law deals with three main issues:
1. jurisdiction in cases of litigation between two parties from different states
2. the law to be applied in cases of international litigation between two private parties
3. and solutions to legal problems arising out of an international legal relationship
international business law: international private law concerning the activities and
organization of multi-national businesses
international private law:
applicable law: welk rechtstelsel is van toepassing, dit wordt geregeld in Rome 1
competent forum: welke rechter is bevoegd, dit wordt geregeld in Brussels 1
execution of verdicts: bijv rechtsuitspraak uit Nederland uitvoeren in een andere lidstaat
civil law or common law:
civil law: majority of EU countries use a civil law system. Law can be found in books and rules
common law: no written rules of law, law is shaped by decisions of judges, used in America
EU law means: the treaty on the functioning of the EU and all legislation which is bases on it, binding
for all member states of the EU. EU law consists of the TFEU and all the regulations, directives and
decisions based on that treaty together with the case law of the European Court of Justice.
Differences between EU law and International law:
all EU law is bases on one treaty, the treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU),
instead of numerous treaties on various subjects.
Several institutions and types of legislation are based on this TFEU, and this is unusual in the
field of international private law.
EU law does not cover every aspect of business competition between member states or between
undertakings that are or are not of the same member state.
The European commission investigates and decides whether or not the conduct of an undertaking is
in conflict with TFEU.
,The main objective of the EU is to achieve economic integration through the use of a common
market where goods, persons, capital and services can circulate freely.
Supremacy of EU law: EU law takes precedence over national law and is thus applied uniformly
throughout the EU (EU law is higher than the laws of member states). In EU law we can distinguish
between:
Directly applicable law: the provisions of EU law apply directly within legal systems of the
member states, without the need for further acts by the governments of these member
states. The TFEU determines what EU law is to be directly applicable. Article 288 TFEU states
that regulations of the EU are always directly applicable and that a regulation shall have
general application.
Directly effective law: has no connection with the principle of direct effect of EU law. EU law
has a direct effect when the ECJ decides that a national is allowed to use EU law in a national
court of law.
ECJ = european court of justice (europees hof van justitie)
Institutions of the EU (more info from blz 17, 18, 19):
European parliament (articles 233-234 FTEU)
Council of the EU( articles 235, 236 FTEU)
Council of ministers (articles 237-243) (very powerful)
European commission (articles 244-250)
European court of justice (articles 251-281)
Apart from the TFEU, there are several other types of legislation:
Regulations (richtlijnen): general rules that apply uniformly throughout the EU, and no
further acts of member states are necessary.
Directives (verordeningen): require each member state to implement the legislation in a
directive within a certain period of time. They grand member states discretionary powers as
to the means of implementation.
Decisions (beslissingen): individual acts, binding on a member state or an individual or a
group of individuals.
A national court is entitled to put questions concerning the validity and interpretation of the EU law
to the ECJ. Art 267 TFEU ensures a uniform interpretation of the articles of the TFEU and uniformity
in the application of EU law throughout the EU.
Conditions for a preliminary ruling (beslissing van rechter) under art 267 TFEU:
1. Every court or tribunal member of state may request a preliminary ruling of the ECJ.
2. The necessity of the preliminary ruling.
3. No judicial remedy under national law.
4. Questions put before the European court of justice must involve genuine issues of EU law
raised in that national court.
A preliminary ruling under art 267 TFEU binds the national court in that particular case.
Under art 263 TFEU when an action for annulment is raised the ECJ reviews the legality of acts of the
institutions of the EU. Regulations, directives and decisions are revisable acts (herzienbare
handelingen)
, There are four grounds for challenge, these are mentioned in art 263 (2 TFEU).
Time limit is two weeks.
Art 264 TFEU states that acts will be nullified as a result of this procedure. The institutions of the EU
must take appropriate measures to compensate plaintiffs and produce legislation to replace any act
nullified under art 263 TFEU.
Onderaan Blz 35 voor samenvatting case of Costa vs ENEL, case of van Gend & Loos, case Francovich,
case of Foglia vc Novello.
Three important questions in international contract law:
1. Which court has jurisdiction
2. Which law is applicable
3. Are any specific treaties which may prevail
State liability is possible on the following conditions (Francovich) :
The Directive must grant rights to individuals
The content of the Directive is clear
There is a causal link between the damages suffered and the failure to implement the
Directive
In case all 3 conditions are met, compensation for damages can be claimed successfully.
H2:
The preliminary stage = the stage prior to the final agreement between two parties.
An agreement consists of an offer and the acceptance of that offer. Stages of making an agreement:
1. A draws up an offer and sends it to B.
- An object is described
- A price is determined
- A number of objects is stated
2. The offer is delivered to B.
3. B takes the time to think things over.
4. B comes to a decision and sends his acceptance to A.
- Up to this point A can still revoke the offer he made to B. Revoking an offer in this case
would require A to inform B that he is no longer interested in selling goods to B and that
he therefore withdraws his valid offer.
- Revoking an offer is not possible if: the offer has already been accepted by the other
party or when it can be deduced from the text of the offer itself that the offer is
irrevocable.
5. B’s acceptance reaches A: at the very moment B’s acceptance reaches A the agreement
becomes final.
6. This moment is just after the moment when an agreement becomes final.
A letter of intent is often used to establish the current status of negotiations between the parties
involved. It is also intended to be a draft version of the final agreement.
In common law breaking off negotiations is always allowed. In civil law systems depending on the
stage of negotiations, breaking off negotiations is allowed or not.
