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• behaviorism . CORRECT ANSWER: Studying the relationship between environmental
stimuli and observable behavior.
• paper folding test . CORRECT ANSWER: Measures spatial imagery—your ability to
visualize how shapes look when folded.
• conceptual peg hypothesis . CORRECT ANSWER: The idea that concrete words
create mental images that help 'anchor' new associations for better memory.
• filter in Broadbent's attention model . CORRECT ANSWER: It blocks unattended
information so only important stimuli are processed further.
• mental imagery . CORRECT ANSWER: Recreating sensory experiences in your mind
without actual input.
• disproving Aristotle's idea about thought . CORRECT ANSWER: People who can't
visualize images can still think logically and abstractly.
• Concrete Operational stage . CORRECT ANSWER: Includes understanding math and
logic (ages 7-11).
• centration . CORRECT ANSWER: Focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring
others (common in young children).
• Preoperational Stage . CORRECT ANSWER: Allows use of words and images to
represent objects.
• crystallized intelligence . CORRECT ANSWER: Knowledge and skills built from
experience and education over time.
• key component of psychosocial development . CORRECT ANSWER: Personality—
how individuals grow and develop a sense of self.
• schemas . CORRECT ANSWER: Mental frameworks we use to organize and interpret
information.
• brain region linked to judging physical attraction . CORRECT ANSWER: Lower frontal
cortex.
, • action potential . CORRECT ANSWER: An electrical impulse that travels down a
neuron's axon.
• axon . CORRECT ANSWER: The part of a neuron that carries electrical signals.
• garden path model of sentence parsing . CORRECT ANSWER: The brain initially
misinterprets a sentence structure and then has to reanalyze it.
• anaphoric inference . CORRECT ANSWER: Linking a pronoun like 'it' back to
something earlier in a sentence or text.
• causal inference in reading . CORRECT ANSWER: Deciding one event was caused
by another based on sentence context.
• common ground in conversation . CORRECT ANSWER: It makes communication
smoother and helps people understand each other.
• entrainment in conversation . CORRECT ANSWER: When people sync their speaking
styles, volume, or gestures during dialogue.
• word frequency effect . CORRECT ANSWER: Words that are used more often are
recognized and processed more quickly.
• selective attention . CORRECT ANSWER: Focusing on one specific stimulus while
ignoring others.
• wakeful state of consciousness . CORRECT ANSWER: Being alert and aware of your
surroundings.
• rotating shift work effect on consciousness . CORRECT ANSWER: It disrupts natural
sleep rhythms, causing fatigue and insomnia.
• circadian rhythm . CORRECT ANSWER: It regulates sleep and alertness across a 24-
hour cycle.
• cognitive task issues in substance abuse disorders . CORRECT ANSWER: Working
memory tests.
• EEG . CORRECT ANSWER: Measures electrical activity in the brain, often used to
study sleep and alertness.
• Stroop effect . CORRECT ANSWER: Slower reaction times when word meanings
conflict with ink colors.