Chapter 1
CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER
IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Topic-1 Concept, Aims & Objectives of Physical Education
Revision Notes
The literal meaning of ‘physical’ is ‘body’ which Physical Development
directly relates to the physique (physical structure), It is one of the foremost objectives of physical
health, strength, endurance (ability to bear pain or education.
hardships/ sahanshakti), speed, agility (phurti),
Development of organ systems such as
flexibility (lachak), and physical performance on
the sports field. circulatory system, digestive system, nervous
Physical Education includes the acquisition and system and muscular system.
refinement of motor skills, the development and Development in size, shape and efficiency of
maintenance of fitness for optimal health, getting all body parts including muscles and bones.
knowledge about physical activities, exercise and
development of positive attitude towards physical Mental Development
activity to improve human performances. It is related to the mental development of a
Physical Education develops the body and mind. person.
Moreover, it develops total personality related Participation in various activities enables an
to the physical, mental, social and emotional
development of an individual. Physical education individual to learn to draw certain conclusions.
helps to develop good health and lead the person’s Various physical activities require alertness
life towards progress and wellness. It leads to a of mind, deep concentration and calculated
balanced development of an individual. movements.
Aims of Physical Education: The aims of physical
education are to enable the student to: Social Development
(i) Appreciate and understand the value of physical It is related to the development of social traits
education and its relationship to a healthy and essential for better adjustment in life.
active lifestyle. Players get to know each other inspite of
(ii) Work to the optimal level of physical fitness. different culture, domiciles and backgrounds.
(iii) Become aware of movement as a creative It is one of the sources to attain leadership
medium connected to communication,
qualities like fair play, team spirit, cooperation,
expression and aesthetic appreciation.
tolerance, sportsmanship and courtesy.
(iv) Develop the motor skills necessary to participate
successfully in a variety of physical activities. Neuro-Muscular Coordination
(v) Experience enjoyment and satisfaction through Develops better coordination between the
physical activity. nervous system and the muscular system.
(vi) Develop social skills that demonstrate the Physical activities provide ample opportunities
importance of teamwork and co-operation in
for a better neuro-muscular system.
group activities.
(vii) Demonstrate a high level of interest and personal Reaction time becomes less through
engagement showing initiative, enthusiasm and participation in physical activities.
commitment. Accurate and smooth functions of the body.
(viii) Show knowledge and understanding in a Emotional Development
variety of physical activities and evaluate their
own and others performances. Emotions are vital for every individual but
(ix) Demonstrate the ability to critically reflect upon excess is always bad.
physical activity in both local and inter-cultural One of the major objectives is that it helps to
context. develop/control various emotions like fear,
(x) Demonstrate the ability and enthusiasm to pass pleasure, hope, anger, jealousy, etc.
on the knowledge, skills and techniques that
have been learned, to others in the community. By participating in various physical education
programmes, an individual starts having
Objectives of Physical Education - The objectives
of physical education are as follows: control over his/her emotions.
,2 ] Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes, Physical Education, Class – XI
Changing Trends in Sports- playing surface, wear-
able gears and sports equipment, technological
Topic-2 advancements, Development of P.E. In India-Post
Independence
Revision Notes
Development of Physical Education in India-Post some heightened health and safety concerns for
Independence: children.
Artificial turf has gained recognition from several
As we know India got its independence in 1947, so
respected sporting bodies. The areas in which
after a few years of independence government of improvement is needed include player’s comfort,
India has taken some measures to promote or develop the potential impact on player’s health, and the
sports and awareness towards the importance of visual and physical similarities to natural pitches.
physical education in life. Various institutes and Once these issues have been tackled, synthetic
organizations were setups to improve the condition sporting surfaces will probably become more
of physical education in our country. popular as their benefits will outweigh their
Various organizations and institutes are: weaknesses. They can be used to boost your
National Credit Corps (NCC). performance, provide a useful surface in difficult
Auxiliary Credit Corps (ACC). climates and reduce the cost of maintenance.
Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and
Recreation.
Lakshmi Bai College of Physical Education., etc.
The main objectives of these different organizations
and institutes are:
To optimum utilization of sports equipment and
facilities.
To provide the best knowledge about physical
education all over the country.
To prepare our youths to represent our country in
competitions.
To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the Wearable gears and sports equipment
youths.
Technology has changed all sports apparels and
Changing trends in Sports
equipment including balls, bats, rackets, skates,
Changing trends in physical education have increased even wheelchairs. Sporting equipment is now
its importance, as modern physical education stresses
more hi-tech and high-functioning.
that balanced development of our body and mind.
Playing Surface Sports industry is making advances with wearable
There are different playing surfaces like grassy, technology by each passing day. For example,
muddy and artificial turf. These different smart watches are now preferred by professional
surfaces have a significant impact on the player’s athletes and amateur fitness enthusiasts for a
experience. Some surfaces provide a higher level variety of activities, such as calorie count, heart
of comfort for the players and others make some
rate monitoring, daily step count, distance and
playing much more difficult. This is because
different surfaces have different purposes. pulse.
Traditionally, sports were played on natural grass
surfaces but grass surfaces need high maintenance
activities like mowing, irrigation and control of
weeds, pests and diseases. Thus, in 1960, artificial
turf was used by some sporting organizations.
These new surfaces provided more durability
and versatility with the intention of providing a
relatively easy to maintain indoor surface.
But artificial grass has its limited downside:
limited life, periodic cleaning requirements,
petroleum use, toxic chemicals from infill, and
,Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes, Physical Education, Class – XI [ 3
Other more specialised wearable technology Technology not only makes tasks easier, it also makes
examples include things like smart clothing. These everything safe for the players and easier to record
items can be designed with specific activities in data for the sporting organisations. Using advanced
mind. Advanced medical technology can take the technology, many difficult goals can be attained. For
form of everything from smart rings to sensor- example, more fans can be engaged and world records
can be tracked. Following are the technological
field shirts and leggings.
advancements that have been introduced:
Wearable technology has uncountable benefits. It
1. Faster Replays: Re-examination of what
can be used to prevent injuries by indicating the
happened during a play is essential in all sports
danger zones and risky movements or patterns.
to make the results fair. Instant replay is one of the
In many sports, new clothing is being designed best examples of fair play and it became possible
to wick sweat away from the body by evaporation only with technological advances. Officials are
instead of absorbing it. now capable of getting second perspective and
Clothing: Instead of using lycra and nylon which catch the details that might go missed by on field
allows swimsuits to be more form-fitting and less referees. Faster replays are used in almost all
water absorbent. However, nowadays, new suits sports today.
are designed to increase performance. 2. Sensor Tools: These tools are used to provide exact
Shoes: Lighter shoes with flatter heels are being information on whether movement occurred in
designed to find the perfect balance of optimal the field when the movement is so subtle that it
grip and comfort. becomes invisible to the naked eye, or a player
Tennis Rackets: Earlier, wooden rackets were used. committed a foul and analysing whether a goal is
In the 1960s, metal rackets were introduced which valid or not.
increased racket lifespan and stiffness although Different sports use varying sensor tools. For
not increased weight. In the 1980s, wooden example, cricket’s Hawk-eye technology analysis
rackets became obsolete and brands instead made is used to determine if the ball smashed into the
graphite rackets which became lighter and lighter bat before it was caught.
also improving performance.
3. Timing System: When timing a race, the
stopwatch has been replaced by more accurate
timing systems; this means that differences in
reaction time no longer affect the precision and
consistency of racing events.
4. RFID Chips: This is one of the best examples of
technology in sports. RFID chips are used to time
individual contestants in an event. They are tiny
devices with built- in antennas that relay wireless
signals to tracking stations. RFID chips are often
Protective Equipment: From helmets to cleats, new used in long-distance races to help broadcasters
technology in sports equipment has revolutionised and viewers track the exact location of contestants
the way the manufacturers keep athletes safe from during a race.
injury. Helmet manufacturers have produced 5. Equipment Development: One of the biggest
helmets with technologically advanced materials improvements in sporting tech is smart helmets.
to produce safe and more comfortable helmets. New helmet technology offers sensor and magnet
Technological Advancement tech built-in, which is able to detect and disperse
force, thus decreasing the chances of head injury.
Sports industry is becoming digital day by day.
Topic-3 Career Options in Physical Education
Revision Notes
Career Options in Physical Education:
Physical education is a fast-growing discipline by different education institutions.
in India. To educate individuals in the field of Physical Education Teacher: Physical education
physical education, numerous courses are offered teacher teaches health education and physical
, 4 ] Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes, Physical Education, Class – XI
education in the schools. Coaching of different Manager /Instructor of Health Club and Fitness
games and sports is also one of the duties of centre.
physical education teacher in schools. Apart Sports Commentator
from this, the physical education teacher has Police and paramilitary officers
the responsibility for monitoring of students, Officers in Indian Defense Service
lunch, hall, attending faculty and parent-teacher Chiropractor: Chiropractors diagnose and treat
conferences, organising annual sports, etc. patients whose health problems are associated
Assistant Professor, Associate Professor and with the muscular, nervous and skeletal system,
Professor: Can work as Assistant Professor, especially the spine. They take the patient’s
Associate Professor and Professor in colleges medical history. They can specialise in sports
and universities as per the qualification to teach injuries, nutrition, etc.
physical education in various specialised area of Exercise Therapist: Exercise therapists provide
subjects. services that help to restore function, improve
Sports Officer, Director of Physical Education mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit
and Sports: Can work as Sports Officer, Director permanent physical disabilities of people suffering
of Physical Education and Sports in colleges and from injuries or diseases.
universities. They are assigned to look after the Occupational Therapist: Occupational therapists
various developmental aspects in the field of help people to improve their ability to perform
Physical Education and sports, organising various tasks in their daily living and working environ-
sports competitions, etc. ment. They work with individuals who have
Inspector of Physical Education in Government conditions that are mentally, physically,
Dept. and Private sector. developmentally or emotionally disabled. They
are also known as counselor.
Topic-4 Khelo India and Fit India Programme
Revision Notes
Playing sports inculcates team spirit, develops Such players are provided annual financial assistance
strategic and analytical thinking, leadership skills, of INR 5 lakh per annum for 8 years.
goal setting and risk taking.
Under-17 athletes are invited under Khelo India
India has made steady progress in the field of sports. School Games to participate across 16 disciplines:
The Khelo India programme has been introduced to ll Archery
revive the sports culture in India at the grass-root level
by building a strong framework for all sports played ll Athletics
in our country and establish India as a great sporting ll Badminton
nation. ll Basketball
The programme has been divided into 12 verticals: ll Boxing
ll Play Field Development
ll Football
ll Community Coaching Development
ll Gymnastics
ll State Level Khelo India Centers
ll Hockey
ll Annual Sports Competition
ll Judo
ll Talent Search and Development
ll Kabaddi
ll Utilisation and Creation / Upgradation of Sports
Infrastructure ll Kho-Kho
ll Support to National / Regional / State Sports ll Shooting
Academics ll Swimming
ll Physical Fitness of School Children ll Volleyball
ll Sports for Women ll Weightlifting
ll Promotion of Sports Amongst People with ll Wrestling
Disabilities
Fit-India Program
ll Sports for Peace and Development
ll Promotion of Rural and Indigenous / Tribal Games Honorable Prime Minister launched Fit India
Movement on 29th August, 2019 with a view to make
Talented players are identified in sports disciplines by
fitness an integral part of our daily lives. A committee
the High-Powered Committee.
CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER
IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Topic-1 Concept, Aims & Objectives of Physical Education
Revision Notes
The literal meaning of ‘physical’ is ‘body’ which Physical Development
directly relates to the physique (physical structure), It is one of the foremost objectives of physical
health, strength, endurance (ability to bear pain or education.
hardships/ sahanshakti), speed, agility (phurti),
Development of organ systems such as
flexibility (lachak), and physical performance on
the sports field. circulatory system, digestive system, nervous
Physical Education includes the acquisition and system and muscular system.
refinement of motor skills, the development and Development in size, shape and efficiency of
maintenance of fitness for optimal health, getting all body parts including muscles and bones.
knowledge about physical activities, exercise and
development of positive attitude towards physical Mental Development
activity to improve human performances. It is related to the mental development of a
Physical Education develops the body and mind. person.
Moreover, it develops total personality related Participation in various activities enables an
to the physical, mental, social and emotional
development of an individual. Physical education individual to learn to draw certain conclusions.
helps to develop good health and lead the person’s Various physical activities require alertness
life towards progress and wellness. It leads to a of mind, deep concentration and calculated
balanced development of an individual. movements.
Aims of Physical Education: The aims of physical
education are to enable the student to: Social Development
(i) Appreciate and understand the value of physical It is related to the development of social traits
education and its relationship to a healthy and essential for better adjustment in life.
active lifestyle. Players get to know each other inspite of
(ii) Work to the optimal level of physical fitness. different culture, domiciles and backgrounds.
(iii) Become aware of movement as a creative It is one of the sources to attain leadership
medium connected to communication,
qualities like fair play, team spirit, cooperation,
expression and aesthetic appreciation.
tolerance, sportsmanship and courtesy.
(iv) Develop the motor skills necessary to participate
successfully in a variety of physical activities. Neuro-Muscular Coordination
(v) Experience enjoyment and satisfaction through Develops better coordination between the
physical activity. nervous system and the muscular system.
(vi) Develop social skills that demonstrate the Physical activities provide ample opportunities
importance of teamwork and co-operation in
for a better neuro-muscular system.
group activities.
(vii) Demonstrate a high level of interest and personal Reaction time becomes less through
engagement showing initiative, enthusiasm and participation in physical activities.
commitment. Accurate and smooth functions of the body.
(viii) Show knowledge and understanding in a Emotional Development
variety of physical activities and evaluate their
own and others performances. Emotions are vital for every individual but
(ix) Demonstrate the ability to critically reflect upon excess is always bad.
physical activity in both local and inter-cultural One of the major objectives is that it helps to
context. develop/control various emotions like fear,
(x) Demonstrate the ability and enthusiasm to pass pleasure, hope, anger, jealousy, etc.
on the knowledge, skills and techniques that
have been learned, to others in the community. By participating in various physical education
programmes, an individual starts having
Objectives of Physical Education - The objectives
of physical education are as follows: control over his/her emotions.
,2 ] Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes, Physical Education, Class – XI
Changing Trends in Sports- playing surface, wear-
able gears and sports equipment, technological
Topic-2 advancements, Development of P.E. In India-Post
Independence
Revision Notes
Development of Physical Education in India-Post some heightened health and safety concerns for
Independence: children.
Artificial turf has gained recognition from several
As we know India got its independence in 1947, so
respected sporting bodies. The areas in which
after a few years of independence government of improvement is needed include player’s comfort,
India has taken some measures to promote or develop the potential impact on player’s health, and the
sports and awareness towards the importance of visual and physical similarities to natural pitches.
physical education in life. Various institutes and Once these issues have been tackled, synthetic
organizations were setups to improve the condition sporting surfaces will probably become more
of physical education in our country. popular as their benefits will outweigh their
Various organizations and institutes are: weaknesses. They can be used to boost your
National Credit Corps (NCC). performance, provide a useful surface in difficult
Auxiliary Credit Corps (ACC). climates and reduce the cost of maintenance.
Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and
Recreation.
Lakshmi Bai College of Physical Education., etc.
The main objectives of these different organizations
and institutes are:
To optimum utilization of sports equipment and
facilities.
To provide the best knowledge about physical
education all over the country.
To prepare our youths to represent our country in
competitions.
To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the Wearable gears and sports equipment
youths.
Technology has changed all sports apparels and
Changing trends in Sports
equipment including balls, bats, rackets, skates,
Changing trends in physical education have increased even wheelchairs. Sporting equipment is now
its importance, as modern physical education stresses
more hi-tech and high-functioning.
that balanced development of our body and mind.
Playing Surface Sports industry is making advances with wearable
There are different playing surfaces like grassy, technology by each passing day. For example,
muddy and artificial turf. These different smart watches are now preferred by professional
surfaces have a significant impact on the player’s athletes and amateur fitness enthusiasts for a
experience. Some surfaces provide a higher level variety of activities, such as calorie count, heart
of comfort for the players and others make some
rate monitoring, daily step count, distance and
playing much more difficult. This is because
different surfaces have different purposes. pulse.
Traditionally, sports were played on natural grass
surfaces but grass surfaces need high maintenance
activities like mowing, irrigation and control of
weeds, pests and diseases. Thus, in 1960, artificial
turf was used by some sporting organizations.
These new surfaces provided more durability
and versatility with the intention of providing a
relatively easy to maintain indoor surface.
But artificial grass has its limited downside:
limited life, periodic cleaning requirements,
petroleum use, toxic chemicals from infill, and
,Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes, Physical Education, Class – XI [ 3
Other more specialised wearable technology Technology not only makes tasks easier, it also makes
examples include things like smart clothing. These everything safe for the players and easier to record
items can be designed with specific activities in data for the sporting organisations. Using advanced
mind. Advanced medical technology can take the technology, many difficult goals can be attained. For
form of everything from smart rings to sensor- example, more fans can be engaged and world records
can be tracked. Following are the technological
field shirts and leggings.
advancements that have been introduced:
Wearable technology has uncountable benefits. It
1. Faster Replays: Re-examination of what
can be used to prevent injuries by indicating the
happened during a play is essential in all sports
danger zones and risky movements or patterns.
to make the results fair. Instant replay is one of the
In many sports, new clothing is being designed best examples of fair play and it became possible
to wick sweat away from the body by evaporation only with technological advances. Officials are
instead of absorbing it. now capable of getting second perspective and
Clothing: Instead of using lycra and nylon which catch the details that might go missed by on field
allows swimsuits to be more form-fitting and less referees. Faster replays are used in almost all
water absorbent. However, nowadays, new suits sports today.
are designed to increase performance. 2. Sensor Tools: These tools are used to provide exact
Shoes: Lighter shoes with flatter heels are being information on whether movement occurred in
designed to find the perfect balance of optimal the field when the movement is so subtle that it
grip and comfort. becomes invisible to the naked eye, or a player
Tennis Rackets: Earlier, wooden rackets were used. committed a foul and analysing whether a goal is
In the 1960s, metal rackets were introduced which valid or not.
increased racket lifespan and stiffness although Different sports use varying sensor tools. For
not increased weight. In the 1980s, wooden example, cricket’s Hawk-eye technology analysis
rackets became obsolete and brands instead made is used to determine if the ball smashed into the
graphite rackets which became lighter and lighter bat before it was caught.
also improving performance.
3. Timing System: When timing a race, the
stopwatch has been replaced by more accurate
timing systems; this means that differences in
reaction time no longer affect the precision and
consistency of racing events.
4. RFID Chips: This is one of the best examples of
technology in sports. RFID chips are used to time
individual contestants in an event. They are tiny
devices with built- in antennas that relay wireless
signals to tracking stations. RFID chips are often
Protective Equipment: From helmets to cleats, new used in long-distance races to help broadcasters
technology in sports equipment has revolutionised and viewers track the exact location of contestants
the way the manufacturers keep athletes safe from during a race.
injury. Helmet manufacturers have produced 5. Equipment Development: One of the biggest
helmets with technologically advanced materials improvements in sporting tech is smart helmets.
to produce safe and more comfortable helmets. New helmet technology offers sensor and magnet
Technological Advancement tech built-in, which is able to detect and disperse
force, thus decreasing the chances of head injury.
Sports industry is becoming digital day by day.
Topic-3 Career Options in Physical Education
Revision Notes
Career Options in Physical Education:
Physical education is a fast-growing discipline by different education institutions.
in India. To educate individuals in the field of Physical Education Teacher: Physical education
physical education, numerous courses are offered teacher teaches health education and physical
, 4 ] Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes, Physical Education, Class – XI
education in the schools. Coaching of different Manager /Instructor of Health Club and Fitness
games and sports is also one of the duties of centre.
physical education teacher in schools. Apart Sports Commentator
from this, the physical education teacher has Police and paramilitary officers
the responsibility for monitoring of students, Officers in Indian Defense Service
lunch, hall, attending faculty and parent-teacher Chiropractor: Chiropractors diagnose and treat
conferences, organising annual sports, etc. patients whose health problems are associated
Assistant Professor, Associate Professor and with the muscular, nervous and skeletal system,
Professor: Can work as Assistant Professor, especially the spine. They take the patient’s
Associate Professor and Professor in colleges medical history. They can specialise in sports
and universities as per the qualification to teach injuries, nutrition, etc.
physical education in various specialised area of Exercise Therapist: Exercise therapists provide
subjects. services that help to restore function, improve
Sports Officer, Director of Physical Education mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit
and Sports: Can work as Sports Officer, Director permanent physical disabilities of people suffering
of Physical Education and Sports in colleges and from injuries or diseases.
universities. They are assigned to look after the Occupational Therapist: Occupational therapists
various developmental aspects in the field of help people to improve their ability to perform
Physical Education and sports, organising various tasks in their daily living and working environ-
sports competitions, etc. ment. They work with individuals who have
Inspector of Physical Education in Government conditions that are mentally, physically,
Dept. and Private sector. developmentally or emotionally disabled. They
are also known as counselor.
Topic-4 Khelo India and Fit India Programme
Revision Notes
Playing sports inculcates team spirit, develops Such players are provided annual financial assistance
strategic and analytical thinking, leadership skills, of INR 5 lakh per annum for 8 years.
goal setting and risk taking.
Under-17 athletes are invited under Khelo India
India has made steady progress in the field of sports. School Games to participate across 16 disciplines:
The Khelo India programme has been introduced to ll Archery
revive the sports culture in India at the grass-root level
by building a strong framework for all sports played ll Athletics
in our country and establish India as a great sporting ll Badminton
nation. ll Basketball
The programme has been divided into 12 verticals: ll Boxing
ll Play Field Development
ll Football
ll Community Coaching Development
ll Gymnastics
ll State Level Khelo India Centers
ll Hockey
ll Annual Sports Competition
ll Judo
ll Talent Search and Development
ll Kabaddi
ll Utilisation and Creation / Upgradation of Sports
Infrastructure ll Kho-Kho
ll Support to National / Regional / State Sports ll Shooting
Academics ll Swimming
ll Physical Fitness of School Children ll Volleyball
ll Sports for Women ll Weightlifting
ll Promotion of Sports Amongst People with ll Wrestling
Disabilities
Fit-India Program
ll Sports for Peace and Development
ll Promotion of Rural and Indigenous / Tribal Games Honorable Prime Minister launched Fit India
Movement on 29th August, 2019 with a view to make
Talented players are identified in sports disciplines by
fitness an integral part of our daily lives. A committee
the High-Powered Committee.
