NURS 5315 UTA Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam Latest 2026 Newest Questions and Answers
(Latest Update) (Verified Answers)
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) cause?
• A) Only localized cell damage
• B) Heart disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and DNA damage
• C) Increased ATP production
• D) Enhanced protein synthesis
Answer: B
Rationale: ROS causes lipid peroxidation, damages proteins, and fragments DNA.
This process is linked to a wide range of diseases including cardiovascular and
neurodegenerative disorders.
2. What is the body's primary defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
• A) Increased cellular metabolism
• B) Antioxidants like Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and glutathione
• C) White blood cells
• D) Increased oxygen levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Antioxidants neutralize free radicals. Key examples include Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, and albumin.
3. How are free radicals produced?
• A) Only from environmental toxins
, • B) Through normal cellular respiration, absorption of extreme energy, and
metabolism of exogenous chemicals
• C) Exclusively from bacterial infections
• D) Only during sleep
Answer: B
Rationale: Free radicals are a byproduct of normal ATP production and are also
generated by radiation, UV light, drug metabolism, and transition metals.
4. Atrophy:
• A) Increase in cell size
• B) Increase in cell number
• C) Decrease in cell size
• D) Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy results from decreased workload, blood supply, or nutrition.
The cell shrinks in size, reducing its functional demand to achieve a new
homeostasis.
5. Hypertrophy:
• A) Decrease in cell size
• B) Increase in cell size
• C) Increase in cell number
• D) Abnormal change in cell shape and organization
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often due to increased workload
(physiologic, e.g., weightlifting) or hormonal stimulation (pathologic, e.g.,
cardiomegaly from hypertension).
6. Hyperplasia:
, • A) Increase in cell size
• B) Decrease in cell number
• C) Increase in cell number
• D) Reversible change from one cell type to another
Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells through mitosis. It can
be physiologic (e.g., liver regeneration) or pathologic (e.g., endometrial
hyperplasia).
7. Dysplasia:
• A) Increase in cell number
• B) Decrease in cell size
• C) Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization
• D) Increase in cell size
Answer: C
Rationale: Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia) involves disordered growth in response
to persistent injury or irritation. It is often a pre-cancerous condition, such as
cervical dysplasia caused by HPV.
8. Metaplasia:
• A) Abnormal changes in cell size and shape
• B) A reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another
• C) Decrease in cell size
• D) Programmed cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one mature cell type is
replaced by another in response to chronic stress, such as the change from
columnar to squamous cells in a smoker's airways.
, 9. Hypokalemia:
• A) HYPERpolarizes the cell, making it less excitable
• B) HYPOpolarizes the cell, making it more excitable
• C) Has no effect on the cell
• D) Causes tetany and seizures
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypokalemia makes the resting membrane potential more negative
(hyperpolarized), decreasing neuromuscular excitability. This can lead to weakness
and cardiac dysrhythmias.
10. Hyperkalemia:
• A) Hyperpolarizes the cell
• B) Hypopolarizes the cell, increasing excitability
• C) Has no effect on action potential
• D) Decreases cellular excitability
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia makes the resting membrane potential less negative
(hypopolarized/closer to threshold), making the cell more excitable. This can be
dangerous, leading to peaked T-waves and even cardiac standstill.
11. Hypocalcemia:
• A) Decreases sodium permeability, decreasing excitability
• B) Increases sodium permeability, causing hyperexcitability
• C) Leads to muscle weakness and lethargy
• D) Depresses T-waves
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypocalcemia increases membrane permeability to sodium, making
Exam Latest 2026 Newest Questions and Answers
(Latest Update) (Verified Answers)
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) cause?
• A) Only localized cell damage
• B) Heart disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and DNA damage
• C) Increased ATP production
• D) Enhanced protein synthesis
Answer: B
Rationale: ROS causes lipid peroxidation, damages proteins, and fragments DNA.
This process is linked to a wide range of diseases including cardiovascular and
neurodegenerative disorders.
2. What is the body's primary defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
• A) Increased cellular metabolism
• B) Antioxidants like Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and glutathione
• C) White blood cells
• D) Increased oxygen levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Antioxidants neutralize free radicals. Key examples include Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, and albumin.
3. How are free radicals produced?
• A) Only from environmental toxins
, • B) Through normal cellular respiration, absorption of extreme energy, and
metabolism of exogenous chemicals
• C) Exclusively from bacterial infections
• D) Only during sleep
Answer: B
Rationale: Free radicals are a byproduct of normal ATP production and are also
generated by radiation, UV light, drug metabolism, and transition metals.
4. Atrophy:
• A) Increase in cell size
• B) Increase in cell number
• C) Decrease in cell size
• D) Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy results from decreased workload, blood supply, or nutrition.
The cell shrinks in size, reducing its functional demand to achieve a new
homeostasis.
5. Hypertrophy:
• A) Decrease in cell size
• B) Increase in cell size
• C) Increase in cell number
• D) Abnormal change in cell shape and organization
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often due to increased workload
(physiologic, e.g., weightlifting) or hormonal stimulation (pathologic, e.g.,
cardiomegaly from hypertension).
6. Hyperplasia:
, • A) Increase in cell size
• B) Decrease in cell number
• C) Increase in cell number
• D) Reversible change from one cell type to another
Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells through mitosis. It can
be physiologic (e.g., liver regeneration) or pathologic (e.g., endometrial
hyperplasia).
7. Dysplasia:
• A) Increase in cell number
• B) Decrease in cell size
• C) Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization
• D) Increase in cell size
Answer: C
Rationale: Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia) involves disordered growth in response
to persistent injury or irritation. It is often a pre-cancerous condition, such as
cervical dysplasia caused by HPV.
8. Metaplasia:
• A) Abnormal changes in cell size and shape
• B) A reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another
• C) Decrease in cell size
• D) Programmed cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one mature cell type is
replaced by another in response to chronic stress, such as the change from
columnar to squamous cells in a smoker's airways.
, 9. Hypokalemia:
• A) HYPERpolarizes the cell, making it less excitable
• B) HYPOpolarizes the cell, making it more excitable
• C) Has no effect on the cell
• D) Causes tetany and seizures
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypokalemia makes the resting membrane potential more negative
(hyperpolarized), decreasing neuromuscular excitability. This can lead to weakness
and cardiac dysrhythmias.
10. Hyperkalemia:
• A) Hyperpolarizes the cell
• B) Hypopolarizes the cell, increasing excitability
• C) Has no effect on action potential
• D) Decreases cellular excitability
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia makes the resting membrane potential less negative
(hypopolarized/closer to threshold), making the cell more excitable. This can be
dangerous, leading to peaked T-waves and even cardiac standstill.
11. Hypocalcemia:
• A) Decreases sodium permeability, decreasing excitability
• B) Increases sodium permeability, causing hyperexcitability
• C) Leads to muscle weakness and lethargy
• D) Depresses T-waves
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypocalcemia increases membrane permeability to sodium, making
