Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2 verified with correct
answers 2026/2027 version
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia- correct answer>>>individual
most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia- correct
answer>>>bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS
reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure.
Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN
and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral
vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord
Alzheimer's disease- correct answer>>>leading cause of dementia and one of the most
common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease- correct answer>>>age, family
history
what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease- correct answer>>>low
calorie diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity,
antioxidants, the presence of apoE2
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD- correct
answer>>>PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid
precursor protein) on chromosome 21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given- correct answer>>>postmortem
examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke- correct answer>>>hypertension (87% of
occurrences)
Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body resources- correct
answer>>>Parasympathetic nervous system
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself- correct
answer>>>Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)- correct
answer>>>blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and
integumentary is decreased
, how are primary brain injuries classified- correct answer>>>focal or diffuse (aka
multifocal)
focal brain injuries- correct answer>>>specific, grossly observable brain lesions that
occur in a precise location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries- correct answer>>>include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis,
encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral
dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia- correct answer>>>affected at the t5-t6 level or above;
characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache,
blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal
congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30-40
beats/min)
what are common risk factors for stroke- correct answer>>>arterial HTN, insulin
resistance and DM, elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated
lipoprotein- A level, hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD,
asymptomatic carotid stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib,
postmenopausal hormone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium
intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep
deprivation
which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral
infection such as respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu)- correct answer>>>Guillain-Barre
syndrome
Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms- correct answer>>>typical first
manifestations are numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs.
Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending pattern
when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre- correct answer>>>weakness
usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases
Myasthenia Gravis- correct answer>>>a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated
by Ach receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies
prevent normal reception for muscle contraction
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations- correct answer>>>-exertional fatigue and
weakness that worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of
activity
-a recent history of recurring upper resp tract infections
answers 2026/2027 version
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia- correct answer>>>individual
most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia- correct
answer>>>bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS
reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure.
Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN
and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral
vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord
Alzheimer's disease- correct answer>>>leading cause of dementia and one of the most
common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease- correct answer>>>age, family
history
what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease- correct answer>>>low
calorie diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity,
antioxidants, the presence of apoE2
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD- correct
answer>>>PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid
precursor protein) on chromosome 21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given- correct answer>>>postmortem
examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke- correct answer>>>hypertension (87% of
occurrences)
Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body resources- correct
answer>>>Parasympathetic nervous system
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself- correct
answer>>>Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)- correct
answer>>>blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and
integumentary is decreased
, how are primary brain injuries classified- correct answer>>>focal or diffuse (aka
multifocal)
focal brain injuries- correct answer>>>specific, grossly observable brain lesions that
occur in a precise location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries- correct answer>>>include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis,
encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral
dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia- correct answer>>>affected at the t5-t6 level or above;
characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache,
blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal
congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30-40
beats/min)
what are common risk factors for stroke- correct answer>>>arterial HTN, insulin
resistance and DM, elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated
lipoprotein- A level, hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD,
asymptomatic carotid stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib,
postmenopausal hormone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium
intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep
deprivation
which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral
infection such as respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu)- correct answer>>>Guillain-Barre
syndrome
Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms- correct answer>>>typical first
manifestations are numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs.
Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending pattern
when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre- correct answer>>>weakness
usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases
Myasthenia Gravis- correct answer>>>a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated
by Ach receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies
prevent normal reception for muscle contraction
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations- correct answer>>>-exertional fatigue and
weakness that worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of
activity
-a recent history of recurring upper resp tract infections
