PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
WITH ELABORATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026
What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANSWER-Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated
What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANSWER-SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea,
Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANSWER-Pressure that builds up and pushes the trachea
towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung
What is cystic fibrosis? - ANSWER-Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder
(Autosomal Recessive)
Changes with an asthma attack: - ANSWER-Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea
(rapid breathing)
How do you interpret ABG's? - ANSWER-1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSWER-Elevation (increase) of pCO2 --
Decreased pH (acidosis)
, Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSWER-Depression (decrease) of pCO2 --
Increased pH (alkalosis)
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSWER-Depression (decrease) of HCO3 --
Decreased pH (acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSWER-Elevation (increase) of HCO3 --
Increased pH (alkalosis)
What are signs of renal cancer? - ANSWER-No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANSWER-Dialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet,
Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give
Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
What do you call kidney pain? - ANSWER-Nephralgia
What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - ANSWER-Creatinine
What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANSWER-E. coli
What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - ANSWER-Hypovolemia - Give Fluids
What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANSWER-Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia
What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANSWER-Fluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs,
Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted)
WITH ELABORATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026
What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANSWER-Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated
What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANSWER-SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea,
Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANSWER-Pressure that builds up and pushes the trachea
towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung
What is cystic fibrosis? - ANSWER-Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder
(Autosomal Recessive)
Changes with an asthma attack: - ANSWER-Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea
(rapid breathing)
How do you interpret ABG's? - ANSWER-1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSWER-Elevation (increase) of pCO2 --
Decreased pH (acidosis)
, Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSWER-Depression (decrease) of pCO2 --
Increased pH (alkalosis)
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSWER-Depression (decrease) of HCO3 --
Decreased pH (acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSWER-Elevation (increase) of HCO3 --
Increased pH (alkalosis)
What are signs of renal cancer? - ANSWER-No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANSWER-Dialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet,
Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give
Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
What do you call kidney pain? - ANSWER-Nephralgia
What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - ANSWER-Creatinine
What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANSWER-E. coli
What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - ANSWER-Hypovolemia - Give Fluids
What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANSWER-Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia
What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANSWER-Fluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs,
Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted)
