WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPLETE
EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS WITH 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS | GUARANTEE PASS!
1. What does pH measure in an ABG? - ANSWER measures acid-base
balance of the blood concentration of H+
2. What does PaO2 measure in an ABG? - ANSWER measures the partial
pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
3. What does PaCO2 measure in an ABG? - ANSWER measures the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. Responsible for acidity
4. how does hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis help maintain fluid,
electrolyte, and glucose balance in patients with diabetic nephropathy -
ANSWER by replacing kidney function to remove waste, excess fluids, and
electrolytes, using artificial (dialyzer) or natural (peritoneal) membranes.
HD uses rapid diffusion and ultrafiltration to remove solutes and fluid, while
PD provides continuous, gentle fluid removal using glucose-based osmotic
solutions, which helps maintain cardiovascular stability but requires careful
blood sugar management
5. how can diabetes lead to kidney disease - ANSWER by damaging the
kidney's tiny filters (nephrons) due to persistently high blood sugar, causing
them to leak protein and become scarred, reducing their ability to filter
waste, often compounded by high blood pressure and nerve damage that
affects bladder emptying
6. types of diabetes - ANSWER -Type 1 (autoimmune, no insulin production)
,-Type 2 (insulin resistance, most common)
-Gestational (pregnancy-related)
7. what is the cause and symptoms of family dilated cardiomyopathy -
ANSWER Familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a genetic heart
disorder causing the heart's ventricles to thin, stretch, and weaken, impairing
blood circulation. It is primarily caused by hereditary gene mutations, often
inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Symptoms include shortness of
breath, profound fatigue, swelling in the legs/abdomen, palpitations, and in
rare cases, sudden death
8. What is CRISPR - ANSWER CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced
Short Palindromic Repeats) is a precise gene-editing technology adapted
from bacterial immune systems to modify, delete, or correct DNA in living
cells
9. Communicable vs non-communicable diseases - ANSWER communicable-
diseases caused by biological agents and are transmissible from person-to-
person
ex: HIV, STDs, Flu
10.Non communicable- diseases that cannot be transmitted from an infected
person to a healthy one
ex: asthma, diabetes, cancer, stroke
11.innate vs adaptive immunity - ANSWER -Innate is immediate(natural)
-adaptive is specific and delayed (adapts as you are exposed to more)
,12.What is the correlation between decreased Immunity and age - ANSWER
Reduced T and B Cell Function: The body produces fewer new naive T and
B cells, which are crucial for fighting new pathogens
13.Active vs passive immunity - ANSWER -Active immunity involves your
own immune system creating antibodies after exposure (natural infection or
vaccines) for long-lasting protection "memory cells"
14.-passive immunity is temporary, providing ready-made antibodies from
another source (like mother to baby via placenta/breast milk or medical
treatments like antivenom) for immediate but short-term defense
15.How to T and B cells fight pathogens - ANSWER B cells create antibodies
to neutralize invaders, while T cells directly kill infected cells or coordinate
the immune response by releasing chemicals (cytokines) that activate other
immune cells
16.Describe how your body responds to an infection - ANSWER T cells
produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
17.Describe the inflammation process - ANSWER -Macrophages/mast cells
detect the damage or pathogens via receptors, releasing chemical mediators
like histamine or cytokines directly to the affected area to stimulate healing.
-Vasodilation occurs simultaneously and blood vessels become more permeable
(leaky), allowing plasma proteins and fluids to enter the tissue, causing swelling
(edema) and pain
-Neutrophils and monocytes are recruited from the bloodstream to the injury
site. They attach to the vessel wall, move through it (diapedesis), and travel to
the site of infection/damage where they phagocytose (engulf and destroy) the
pathogens and dead cells.
-Once the threat is eliminated, the response is regulated, and the healing process
begins, involving tissue remodeling and regeneration.
, 18.5 cardinal signs of inflammation - ANSWER heat (calor), redness (rubor),
swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and potential loss of function (functio laesa).
19.what is the inheritance patter of sickle cell anemia - ANSWER autosomal
recessive inheritance pattern, meaning a child must inherit two copies of the
mutated hemoglobin gene (one from each parent) to develop the disease;
inheriting just one copy results in sickle cell trait, making them a healthy
carrier who can pass the gene on, with a 25% chance for SCD if both parents
are carriers.
20.what is the composition of DNA - ANSWER nucleotides, which are built
from a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four
nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T) and cytosine (C), guanine (G),
cytosine (C)
21.how does DNA code for protein - ANSWER DNA codes for proteins
through a two-step process.
-transcription, where a gene segment is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA)
-translation, where ribosomes read the mRNA's three-base codons to assemble a
specific chain of amino acids, forming a protein
22.What does HCO3 measure in an ABG? - ANSWER calculated
concentration of bicarbonate in arterial blood. Bicarb is responsible for basic
23.What does SaCO2 measure in an ABG? - ANSWER Calculated arterial
oxygen saturation unless a co-oximetry is obtained in which case it is
measured.
24.ROME (ABG) - ANSWER Respiratory=Opposite; Metabolic= Equal
EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS WITH 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS | GUARANTEE PASS!
1. What does pH measure in an ABG? - ANSWER measures acid-base
balance of the blood concentration of H+
2. What does PaO2 measure in an ABG? - ANSWER measures the partial
pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
3. What does PaCO2 measure in an ABG? - ANSWER measures the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. Responsible for acidity
4. how does hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis help maintain fluid,
electrolyte, and glucose balance in patients with diabetic nephropathy -
ANSWER by replacing kidney function to remove waste, excess fluids, and
electrolytes, using artificial (dialyzer) or natural (peritoneal) membranes.
HD uses rapid diffusion and ultrafiltration to remove solutes and fluid, while
PD provides continuous, gentle fluid removal using glucose-based osmotic
solutions, which helps maintain cardiovascular stability but requires careful
blood sugar management
5. how can diabetes lead to kidney disease - ANSWER by damaging the
kidney's tiny filters (nephrons) due to persistently high blood sugar, causing
them to leak protein and become scarred, reducing their ability to filter
waste, often compounded by high blood pressure and nerve damage that
affects bladder emptying
6. types of diabetes - ANSWER -Type 1 (autoimmune, no insulin production)
,-Type 2 (insulin resistance, most common)
-Gestational (pregnancy-related)
7. what is the cause and symptoms of family dilated cardiomyopathy -
ANSWER Familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a genetic heart
disorder causing the heart's ventricles to thin, stretch, and weaken, impairing
blood circulation. It is primarily caused by hereditary gene mutations, often
inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Symptoms include shortness of
breath, profound fatigue, swelling in the legs/abdomen, palpitations, and in
rare cases, sudden death
8. What is CRISPR - ANSWER CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced
Short Palindromic Repeats) is a precise gene-editing technology adapted
from bacterial immune systems to modify, delete, or correct DNA in living
cells
9. Communicable vs non-communicable diseases - ANSWER communicable-
diseases caused by biological agents and are transmissible from person-to-
person
ex: HIV, STDs, Flu
10.Non communicable- diseases that cannot be transmitted from an infected
person to a healthy one
ex: asthma, diabetes, cancer, stroke
11.innate vs adaptive immunity - ANSWER -Innate is immediate(natural)
-adaptive is specific and delayed (adapts as you are exposed to more)
,12.What is the correlation between decreased Immunity and age - ANSWER
Reduced T and B Cell Function: The body produces fewer new naive T and
B cells, which are crucial for fighting new pathogens
13.Active vs passive immunity - ANSWER -Active immunity involves your
own immune system creating antibodies after exposure (natural infection or
vaccines) for long-lasting protection "memory cells"
14.-passive immunity is temporary, providing ready-made antibodies from
another source (like mother to baby via placenta/breast milk or medical
treatments like antivenom) for immediate but short-term defense
15.How to T and B cells fight pathogens - ANSWER B cells create antibodies
to neutralize invaders, while T cells directly kill infected cells or coordinate
the immune response by releasing chemicals (cytokines) that activate other
immune cells
16.Describe how your body responds to an infection - ANSWER T cells
produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
17.Describe the inflammation process - ANSWER -Macrophages/mast cells
detect the damage or pathogens via receptors, releasing chemical mediators
like histamine or cytokines directly to the affected area to stimulate healing.
-Vasodilation occurs simultaneously and blood vessels become more permeable
(leaky), allowing plasma proteins and fluids to enter the tissue, causing swelling
(edema) and pain
-Neutrophils and monocytes are recruited from the bloodstream to the injury
site. They attach to the vessel wall, move through it (diapedesis), and travel to
the site of infection/damage where they phagocytose (engulf and destroy) the
pathogens and dead cells.
-Once the threat is eliminated, the response is regulated, and the healing process
begins, involving tissue remodeling and regeneration.
, 18.5 cardinal signs of inflammation - ANSWER heat (calor), redness (rubor),
swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and potential loss of function (functio laesa).
19.what is the inheritance patter of sickle cell anemia - ANSWER autosomal
recessive inheritance pattern, meaning a child must inherit two copies of the
mutated hemoglobin gene (one from each parent) to develop the disease;
inheriting just one copy results in sickle cell trait, making them a healthy
carrier who can pass the gene on, with a 25% chance for SCD if both parents
are carriers.
20.what is the composition of DNA - ANSWER nucleotides, which are built
from a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four
nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T) and cytosine (C), guanine (G),
cytosine (C)
21.how does DNA code for protein - ANSWER DNA codes for proteins
through a two-step process.
-transcription, where a gene segment is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA)
-translation, where ribosomes read the mRNA's three-base codons to assemble a
specific chain of amino acids, forming a protein
22.What does HCO3 measure in an ABG? - ANSWER calculated
concentration of bicarbonate in arterial blood. Bicarb is responsible for basic
23.What does SaCO2 measure in an ABG? - ANSWER Calculated arterial
oxygen saturation unless a co-oximetry is obtained in which case it is
measured.
24.ROME (ABG) - ANSWER Respiratory=Opposite; Metabolic= Equal
