BIOL 3324 - EXAM 1 UH OGLETREE PP QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2026

BIOL 3324 - EXAM 1 UH OGLETREE PP QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2026 Clearance - Answers Rate at which a molecule disappears from the body Mass Balance - Answers Existing body load + Intake or metabolic production - Excretion or metabolic removal Osmotic Equlibrium - Answers -Based on water (tonicity) -Moves freely Electrical Equilibrium - Answers Inside slightly more negative Diffusion - Answers -Uses energy of molecular motion -Does not use ATP Na+ - Answers -Plasma -Interstitial Fluid Cl- - Answers -Plasma -Interstitial Fluid K+ - Answers Intracellular fluid HCO3- - Answers -Plasma -Interstitial Fluid Large anions and proteins - Answers Intracellular fluid Diffusion Seven Properties - Answers 1. Passive process 2. High concentration to low concentration 3. Net movement until concentration is equal 4. Rapid over short distances 5. Directly related to temperature 6. Inversely related to molecular size 7. In open system or across a partition Channel Regulated - Answers size and charge continuous, fast, general Carrier Regulated - Answers substrate not continuous, slow, specific Na+-K+-ATPase - Answers 1. 3 Na+ from ICF bind (ATP -- ADP) 2. ATPase is phosphorylated with P1 from ATP (Protein changes conformation) 3. 3 Na+ released into ECF 4. 2 K+ from ECF bind (Protein changes conformation) 5. 2 K+ released into ICF NA/K ATPase - Answers uses 30% of all ATP produced by the cell Phagocytosis - Answers -Cell engulfs bacterium or other particle into phagosome -Pushes cell membrane Endocytosis - Answers -Membrane surface indents and forms vesicles -Active process that can be nonselective (pinocytosis) or highly selective -Receptor-mediated uses clathrin-coated pits -Smaller than phagosomes Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and Exocytosis - Answers 1. Ligand binds to membrane receptor. 2. Receptor-ligand migrated to clathrin-coated pit. 3. Endocytosis 4. Vesicle loses clathrin coat 5. Receptors and ligands separate. 6. Ligands go to lysosomes or Golgi for processing 7. Transport vesicles with receptors moves to the cell membrane 8.Transport vesicle and cell membrane fuse (membrane recycling). 9. Exocytoses Specificity (Carrier-mediated transport competition) - Answers Will reduce concentration of original molecule but it still lets the initial molecule to go through Inhibitor (Carrier-mediated transport competition) - Answers Doesnt let the previous molecule in Cell-to-Cell Communication: Four Basic Methods - Answers 1. Gap junctions 2. Contact-dependent signals 3. Local communication 4. Long distance communication Gap junctions - Answers -Transfer both chemical and electrical signals -Form direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells. Water? - Answers Male have more water than females K? - Answers Leaves cell in order to maintain an equilibrium CAMs - Answers -cell adhesion molecules -transfer signals in both directions