NR 546 Final Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update
2024/2025
1. Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Lithium
Anticonvulsants
Second generation antipsychotics
2. Unipolar depression
major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year, prevalence highest
(13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
3. Bipolar disorder (BD)
Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to
function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
, psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
4. mania
characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Related
symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or energy,
including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing
thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to
be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment and
may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
5. Bipolar Type I:
requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if
hospitalization due to symptoms is required)
6. Bipolar Type II:
diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major
depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause significant
functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
,-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these symptoms,
making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the depression phase.
7. Cyclothymia:
involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not
meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic episode.
8. If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD:
antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar
depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and adults
younger than 25
9. Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and
never as ________________.
monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset of a
hypomanic or manic episode
10. DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
, decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
11. 5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
12. monoamine hypothesis of depression
-depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine
transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess
13. Medication Management for Depression, First-Line Treatment:
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)
• Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs)
14. SSRI's
2024/2025
1. Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Lithium
Anticonvulsants
Second generation antipsychotics
2. Unipolar depression
major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year, prevalence highest
(13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
3. Bipolar disorder (BD)
Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to
function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
, psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
4. mania
characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Related
symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or energy,
including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing
thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to
be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment and
may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
5. Bipolar Type I:
requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if
hospitalization due to symptoms is required)
6. Bipolar Type II:
diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major
depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause significant
functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
,-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these symptoms,
making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the depression phase.
7. Cyclothymia:
involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not
meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic episode.
8. If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD:
antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar
depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and adults
younger than 25
9. Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and
never as ________________.
monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset of a
hypomanic or manic episode
10. DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
, decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
11. 5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
12. monoamine hypothesis of depression
-depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine
transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess
13. Medication Management for Depression, First-Line Treatment:
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)
• Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs)
14. SSRI's
