BIOD 210 COMPLETE EXAM WITH HIGH-YIELD QUESTIONS,
DETAILED ANSWER EXPLANATIONS AND RATIONALES,
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE CONCEPT REVIEW,
APPLICATION-BASED LEARNING EXERCISES, CRITICAL
THINKING ACTIVITIES, TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES, AND
COMPLETE EXAM PREPARATION TOOLKIT – 2026/2027
LATEST UPDATED EDITION
What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase and Mitotic phase
What does interphase consist of?
G1, S, G2
G1 and G2
the gap phases that are characterized by cellular growth such as protein
and organelle production
S phase
the time during which chromosomes are duplicated and essential DNA
information is replicated to be passed to daughter cells during mitosis
Mitosis
the division of genetic material; can be broken down into 5 subphrases
(prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
Cytokinesis
,the process of dividing the cell's cytoplasm
Origin of Replication
located along the strands of DNA are short nucleotides; the nucleotide
sequence at each origin of replication encodes for a start signal at which
the process of replication will be initiated by proteins that recognize and
bind to those sequences
Helicase
an enzyme that has the role of untwisting and separating the helix parent
strands at the replication fork
Replication fork
Y-shaped area where the DNA strands are beginning to untwist
replication bubble
as the helices begins to separate the double strands, a visible replication
bubble forms that will expand as replication continues along the strand
single stranded binding proteins
act as a wedge to keep the parent strands separated and stabilized
topoisomerase
in the front of the fork and its function is to break the hydrogen bonds and
the nucleotide bases and it plays a role in rejoining the DNA strands when
,replication is complete; it is able a stabilizing enzyme that reduces the
strain in the strands that occur during replication
RNA primers
complementary to the parental DNA strand
RNA
single-stranded and contains sugar ribose and it does NOT have a thymine
but a uracil
primase
enzyme that facilitates the synthesis of an RNA primer by using the
unwound DNA strand as a template; it binds to the 3' end of the parent
strand and begins adding complementary RNA nucleotides as it moves
toward the 5' end of the parent strand
DNA polymerase
enzymes that add nucleotides to the 3' end of the existing chain via
dehydration reactions
triphosphate tail
three phosphate group; has a negative charge around it
pyrophosphate
will undergo hydrolysis reaction which splits the molecule into two inorganic
phosphates and energy is released in the process
, leading strand
if nucleotides can only be added to the 3' end of a parental strand this
means that the (new) complementary RNA primer strand is being
elongated in the 5' to 3' direction. ONE RNA is required for leading strand
elongation and nucleotides are added continuously as the replication fork
progresses along the length of the template strand.
lagging strand
the other template is oriented in a 3' to 5' direction. This requires the DNA
polymerase to work backward, AWAY from the replication fork. The
daughter strand that is synthesized in this direction is called the LAGGING
STRAND. The lagging strand must be replicated in a series of fragments
called Okazaki fragments rather than in one continuous strand
DNA ligase
an enzyme that facilitates the joining the Okazaki fragments
Mismatch repair
occurs when other proteins identify inappropriately mismatched nucleotides
and replace them with the correct nucleotide
Nucleotide excision repair
DNA polymerases and mismatch repair proteins are helpful for identifying
and remediating single-nucleotide errors but sometimes entire stretches of
DETAILED ANSWER EXPLANATIONS AND RATIONALES,
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE CONCEPT REVIEW,
APPLICATION-BASED LEARNING EXERCISES, CRITICAL
THINKING ACTIVITIES, TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES, AND
COMPLETE EXAM PREPARATION TOOLKIT – 2026/2027
LATEST UPDATED EDITION
What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase and Mitotic phase
What does interphase consist of?
G1, S, G2
G1 and G2
the gap phases that are characterized by cellular growth such as protein
and organelle production
S phase
the time during which chromosomes are duplicated and essential DNA
information is replicated to be passed to daughter cells during mitosis
Mitosis
the division of genetic material; can be broken down into 5 subphrases
(prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
Cytokinesis
,the process of dividing the cell's cytoplasm
Origin of Replication
located along the strands of DNA are short nucleotides; the nucleotide
sequence at each origin of replication encodes for a start signal at which
the process of replication will be initiated by proteins that recognize and
bind to those sequences
Helicase
an enzyme that has the role of untwisting and separating the helix parent
strands at the replication fork
Replication fork
Y-shaped area where the DNA strands are beginning to untwist
replication bubble
as the helices begins to separate the double strands, a visible replication
bubble forms that will expand as replication continues along the strand
single stranded binding proteins
act as a wedge to keep the parent strands separated and stabilized
topoisomerase
in the front of the fork and its function is to break the hydrogen bonds and
the nucleotide bases and it plays a role in rejoining the DNA strands when
,replication is complete; it is able a stabilizing enzyme that reduces the
strain in the strands that occur during replication
RNA primers
complementary to the parental DNA strand
RNA
single-stranded and contains sugar ribose and it does NOT have a thymine
but a uracil
primase
enzyme that facilitates the synthesis of an RNA primer by using the
unwound DNA strand as a template; it binds to the 3' end of the parent
strand and begins adding complementary RNA nucleotides as it moves
toward the 5' end of the parent strand
DNA polymerase
enzymes that add nucleotides to the 3' end of the existing chain via
dehydration reactions
triphosphate tail
three phosphate group; has a negative charge around it
pyrophosphate
will undergo hydrolysis reaction which splits the molecule into two inorganic
phosphates and energy is released in the process
, leading strand
if nucleotides can only be added to the 3' end of a parental strand this
means that the (new) complementary RNA primer strand is being
elongated in the 5' to 3' direction. ONE RNA is required for leading strand
elongation and nucleotides are added continuously as the replication fork
progresses along the length of the template strand.
lagging strand
the other template is oriented in a 3' to 5' direction. This requires the DNA
polymerase to work backward, AWAY from the replication fork. The
daughter strand that is synthesized in this direction is called the LAGGING
STRAND. The lagging strand must be replicated in a series of fragments
called Okazaki fragments rather than in one continuous strand
DNA ligase
an enzyme that facilitates the joining the Okazaki fragments
Mismatch repair
occurs when other proteins identify inappropriately mismatched nucleotides
and replace them with the correct nucleotide
Nucleotide excision repair
DNA polymerases and mismatch repair proteins are helpful for identifying
and remediating single-nucleotide errors but sometimes entire stretches of
