BIOL251 Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/Lab
2026 | Module 7 Exam Review |70+ Questions
and Answers Summary |LockDown Browser
|Portage Learning
A cell is placed in a solution where water moves out and the cell shrinks. What type of
solution is this?
A. Hypotonic
B. Isotonic
C. Hypertonic
D. Diffusion solution
Correct answer: C
Rationale: A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration outside the cell than
inside. Water moves out of the cell by osmosis toward the higher solute concentration,
causing the cell to shrink (crenation in animal cells). This is a key concept in osmoregulation
and explains how cells respond to dehydrating environments.
Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins for transport out of the cell?
A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Nucleus
D. Lysosome
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles for
transport either inside or outside the cell. Ribosomes make proteins, but do not package
them. The nucleus stores DNA, and lysosomes digest cellular waste. The Golgi acts like the
cell’s “shipping center.”
Which structure contains the instructions for making proteins?
A. Ribosome
B. DNA
C. Lysosome
D. Mitochondria
,Correct answer: B
Rationale: DNA contains genes that code for proteins. These instructions are transcribed into
mRNA and then translated into proteins by ribosomes. Without DNA, cells would not be able
to direct protein synthesis or maintain hereditary information.
What is the correct order of protein synthesis?
A. Translation → Transcription
B. DNA → RNA → Protein
C. RNA → DNA → Protein
D. Protein → DNA → RNA
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Protein synthesis follows the central dogma of biology: DNA is transcribed into
RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. This ensures genetic information flows in a
controlled and accurate manner.
Which phase of mitosis involves sister chromatids separating?
A. Metaphase
B. Anaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telophase
Correct answer: B
Rationale: During anaphase, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of
the cell. This ensures each daughter cell receives identical genetic material.
What is the main function of the mitochondria?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Energy production (ATP)
C. Waste breakdown
D. Lipid storage
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration to produce ATP. This energy powers all
cellular activities including movement, transport, and synthesis.
,Which system protects the body from pathogens?
A. Endocrine system
B. Lymphatic system
C. Digestive system
D. Muscular system
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The lymphatic system produces immune cells and helps filter pathogens through
lymph nodes, protecting the body from infection.
Which type of transport requires no energy and moves substances from high to low
concentration?
A. Active transport
B. Osmosis
C. Diffusion
D. Endocytosis
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Diffusion is passive transport where molecules move from high to low
concentration until equilibrium is reached, requiring no energy input.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Protein synthesis
D. Digestion
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Chloroplasts capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy (glucose) during
photosynthesis. They are found only in plant cells and some algae.
Which phase is DNA replicated?
A. G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Correct answer: B
, Rationale: DNA replication occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of interphase, ensuring
each daughter cell receives identical genetic material.
Which term describes a cell with one set of chromosomes?
A. Diploid
B. Haploid
C. Zygote
D. Somatic
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n), such as sperm and egg cells.
They combine during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
What is a zygote?
A. A sperm cell
B. A body cell
C. A fertilized egg cell
D. A mutated gene
Correct answer: C
Rationale: A zygote forms when sperm and egg fuse during fertilization. It contains a full
diploid set of chromosomes and develops into a new organism.
What is crossing over?
A. DNA replication
B. Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
C. Cell division in somatic cells
D. Protein synthesis
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis and increases genetic variation
by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes.
Which structure is responsible for controlling all cell activities?
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleus
2026 | Module 7 Exam Review |70+ Questions
and Answers Summary |LockDown Browser
|Portage Learning
A cell is placed in a solution where water moves out and the cell shrinks. What type of
solution is this?
A. Hypotonic
B. Isotonic
C. Hypertonic
D. Diffusion solution
Correct answer: C
Rationale: A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration outside the cell than
inside. Water moves out of the cell by osmosis toward the higher solute concentration,
causing the cell to shrink (crenation in animal cells). This is a key concept in osmoregulation
and explains how cells respond to dehydrating environments.
Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins for transport out of the cell?
A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Nucleus
D. Lysosome
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles for
transport either inside or outside the cell. Ribosomes make proteins, but do not package
them. The nucleus stores DNA, and lysosomes digest cellular waste. The Golgi acts like the
cell’s “shipping center.”
Which structure contains the instructions for making proteins?
A. Ribosome
B. DNA
C. Lysosome
D. Mitochondria
,Correct answer: B
Rationale: DNA contains genes that code for proteins. These instructions are transcribed into
mRNA and then translated into proteins by ribosomes. Without DNA, cells would not be able
to direct protein synthesis or maintain hereditary information.
What is the correct order of protein synthesis?
A. Translation → Transcription
B. DNA → RNA → Protein
C. RNA → DNA → Protein
D. Protein → DNA → RNA
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Protein synthesis follows the central dogma of biology: DNA is transcribed into
RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. This ensures genetic information flows in a
controlled and accurate manner.
Which phase of mitosis involves sister chromatids separating?
A. Metaphase
B. Anaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telophase
Correct answer: B
Rationale: During anaphase, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of
the cell. This ensures each daughter cell receives identical genetic material.
What is the main function of the mitochondria?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Energy production (ATP)
C. Waste breakdown
D. Lipid storage
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration to produce ATP. This energy powers all
cellular activities including movement, transport, and synthesis.
,Which system protects the body from pathogens?
A. Endocrine system
B. Lymphatic system
C. Digestive system
D. Muscular system
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The lymphatic system produces immune cells and helps filter pathogens through
lymph nodes, protecting the body from infection.
Which type of transport requires no energy and moves substances from high to low
concentration?
A. Active transport
B. Osmosis
C. Diffusion
D. Endocytosis
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Diffusion is passive transport where molecules move from high to low
concentration until equilibrium is reached, requiring no energy input.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Protein synthesis
D. Digestion
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Chloroplasts capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy (glucose) during
photosynthesis. They are found only in plant cells and some algae.
Which phase is DNA replicated?
A. G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Correct answer: B
, Rationale: DNA replication occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of interphase, ensuring
each daughter cell receives identical genetic material.
Which term describes a cell with one set of chromosomes?
A. Diploid
B. Haploid
C. Zygote
D. Somatic
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n), such as sperm and egg cells.
They combine during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
What is a zygote?
A. A sperm cell
B. A body cell
C. A fertilized egg cell
D. A mutated gene
Correct answer: C
Rationale: A zygote forms when sperm and egg fuse during fertilization. It contains a full
diploid set of chromosomes and develops into a new organism.
What is crossing over?
A. DNA replication
B. Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
C. Cell division in somatic cells
D. Protein synthesis
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis and increases genetic variation
by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes.
Which structure is responsible for controlling all cell activities?
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleus
