E
CON
OMY ValueAdded Materi
Mai
ns2025
al
KeyFeat
ures:
Compr ehensi
ve
Coverage:
Explai
nsboth
foundati
onaland
contemporaryeconomi
c
themes
PYQI ntegr
ation:
Analyzesrecurri
ngexam
themesandquest i
ons.
Dat a-Ri chContent:
Offer srelevantand
pract icaleconomic
st
at istics.
Crit
icalPol
icyEvaluat
ion:
Provi
desin-depth
assessmentsof
governmentpolici
es.
, ECONOMY Student Notes:
Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Thematic Analysis of Mains Questions and Strategic Insights ....................................................... 7
1. INDIAN ECONOMY: PLANNING AND GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 10
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 10
1.1. Economic Growth & Development ................................................................................... 11
1.1.1. Comparison: Economic Growth vs Economic Development ...................................... 11
1.1.2. Determinants of Growth ............................................................................................ 12
1.1.3. Dimensions of Development ...................................................................................... 12
1.2. Measuring Growth and Development .............................................................................. 13
1.2.1. Issues with GDP Estimation........................................................................................ 14
1.2.2. Issues with GDP as an Indicator for Growth............................................................... 14
1.2.3. Modern Indicators: HDI, GII, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) ........... 15
1.3. Economic Planning in India ............................................................................................... 16
1.3.1. Introduction to Economic Planning ............................................................................ 16
1.3.2. Types of Planning ....................................................................................................... 16
1.3.3. The Five-Year Plan (FYP) Era ....................................................................................... 16
1.3.4. 10 Years of NITI Aayog ................................................................................................ 17
1.4. India's Economic Future .................................................................................................... 22
1.4.1. The 'Viksit Bharat @ 2047' Ambition ......................................................................... 22
1.4.2 The Indian Economy and the Middle-Income Trap ..................................................... 24
2. RESOURCE MOBILISATION........................................................................................................ 26
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 26
2.1. Domestic Resource Mobilisation....................................................................................... 27
2.1.1. Savings, Investment, and Capital Formation .............................................................. 27
2.1.2. Trends of India's Savings Rate .................................................................................... 28
2.2. External Resource Mobilisation ........................................................................................ 30
2.2.1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ................................................................................. 30
2.2.2. Bridging the Gap between FDI MOUs to Actual Inflows: ........................................... 31
2.2.3. Other External Resources ........................................................................................... 32
2.3. Government (Public) Resource Mobilisation .................................................................... 33
2.3.1. Tax Revenue ............................................................................................................... 33
2.3.2. Non-Tax Revenue ....................................................................................................... 34
2.3.3. Public Borrowing and Fiscal Management ................................................................. 36
2.3.4. Public Investment as a Growth Catalyst ..................................................................... 37
2.4. Contemporary Issues and the Future of Resource Mobilisation....................................... 37
2.4.1. Consumption led or Investment led growth: Which one is India pursuing?.............. 37
2.4.2. Role of India’s Capital market in Resource mobilisation for investments .................. 38
2.4.3. Industrial Policy as a Mobilisation Tool ...................................................................... 40
2.4.4. Core Constraints in India's Resource Mobilisation ..................................................... 40
3. GOVERNMENT BUDGETING ..................................................................................................... 41
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 41
3.1. Components of the Budget ............................................................................................... 42
3.2. Government Deficits ......................................................................................................... 43
3.3. Fiscal Policy and Management .......................................................................................... 43
3.3.1. Public Expenditure Management ............................................................................... 43
3.3.2. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act ...................................... 44
3.3.3. Goods and Services Tax (GST) .................................................................................... 45
3.3.4. Key Concepts, Their Relevance, and Trends in Fiscal Management........................... 46
3.4. Other Types of Budgets ..................................................................................................... 47
AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI
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, 3.4.1. Outcome-Based Budgeting ........................................................................................ 47 Student Notes:
3.4.2. Gender Budgeting ...................................................................................................... 47
3.4.3. Zero-Based Budgeting ................................................................................................ 48
3.5.1. The 'Capex-Led Growth' Strategy: Rationale and Impact........................................... 49
3.5.2. The 16th Finance Commission: ToR and Implications for Fiscal Federalism .............. 50
3.5.3. The Case for a Wealth Tax .......................................................................................... 50
3.5.4. Global Minimum Tax .................................................................................................. 51
3.5.5. Equalisation Levy ........................................................................................................ 52
3.5.6. Direct Tax Reforms ..................................................................................................... 53
3.5.7. Inflation Management In India .................................................................................. 54
4. EFFECTS OF LIBERALIZATION ON THE ECONOMY, CHANGES IN INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND THEIR
EFFECTS ON INDUSTRIAL GROWTH ............................................................................................. 57
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 57
4.1. Revival of Industrial Policy in a Changing Global Landscape ............................................. 58
4.2. History of India's Industrial Policy ..................................................................................... 59
4.3. The 1991 Reforms and Their Sectoral Impact ................................................................... 61
4.3.1. Core Elements of the 1991 Industrial Reforms .......................................................... 61
4.3.2. Sectoral Consequences of Liberalization.................................................................... 62
4.3.3. Why Manufacturing Growth Lagged? ........................................................................ 62
4.4. The Contemporary Strategy for Industrial Growth ........................................................... 63
4.4.1. The "Make in India" Initiative and National Manufacturing Mission ......................... 63
4.4.2. The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes ........................................................ 64
4.4.3. Reforming Investment Enclaves: SEZ Amendment Bill 2024...................................... 65
4.4.4. Building World-Class Infrastructure ........................................................................... 67
4.4.5. Addressing Factor Market Reforms: The New Labour Codes..................................... 67
4.4.6. The Skill India Mission ................................................................................................ 68
4.5. A Deep Dive into Key Industrial Sectors ............................................................................ 70
4.5.1. The Electronics Sector and the Semiconductor Mission ............................................ 70
4.5.2. The Textile and Apparel Industry ............................................................................... 71
4.5.3. The Automotive Sector and the EV Transition ........................................................... 72
4.5.4. The Pharmaceutical Industry ..................................................................................... 73
4.5.5. The Steel Industry ...................................................................................................... 73
4.5.6 The MSME Sector ........................................................................................................ 74
4.6. The Supportive Ecosystem for Industry ............................................................................ 76
4.6.1. GST as a Transformative Industrial Reform ................................................................ 76
4.6.2. The Startup Ecosystem ............................................................................................... 77
4.6.3. Digitalization of the Indian Economy ......................................................................... 78
4.6.4. The Competition Law Framework for a Digital Age ................................................... 79
4.6.5. India's Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Regime ....................................................... 80
4.6.6. The Insurance Sector for Economic Resilience........................................................... 81
4.6.7. Financing the Green Industrial Transition .................................................................. 82
4.7. Strategic Debates and Future Outlook .............................................................................. 83
4.7.1. The Manufacturing vs. Services Growth Debate ........................................................ 83
4.7.2. India's Strategy on Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) ..................................................... 84
4.7.3. The 'China+1' Opportunity ......................................................................................... 86
4.7.4. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Industry and Employment ........................... 87
4.7.5. Industry 4.0 and India's Preparedness ....................................................................... 87
4.8 Additional Insights from Economic Survey 2024-25 .......................................................... 89
5. LAND REFORMS ........................................................................................................................ 91
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 91
5.1. The Enduring Significance of Land Reforms ...................................................................... 92
5.1.1. What is Land Reform? ................................................................................................ 92
5.1.2. The Dimensions of Land Reform ................................................................................ 92
AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI
2 www.visionias.in # 8468022022 ©Vision IAS
, 5.1.3. Context and Objectives of Land Reforms in India ...................................................... 93 Student Notes:
5.2. Land Reforms in the Post-Independence Era .................................................................... 93
5.2.1. Phase I (1950s-1970s): Abolition of Intermediaries and Tenancy Reforms ............... 93
5.2.2. Phase II (1970s onwards): Consolidation and Modernization ................................... 95
5.3. A Critical Assessment of Land Reforms ......................................................................... 95
5.3.1. An Overview of the Mixed Success ............................................................................ 95
5.3.2. Factors Behind Successful Implementation ............................................................... 96
5.3.3. Reasons for Widespread Failure................................................................................. 96
5.4. Contemporary Challenges in Land Management .............................................................. 97
5.4.1. Pervasive Landlessness and Inequality ...................................................................... 98
5.4.2. The Economic Drag of Land Fragmentation ............................................................... 98
5.4.3. The Crisis of Outdated Land Records ......................................................................... 98
5.4.4. Land Acquisition: The Development vs. Displacement Dilemma .............................. 99
5.5. Modern Land Governance Initiatives ................................................................................ 99
5.5.1. The Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) ...................... 99
5.5.2. The RFCTLARR Act, 2013 ............................................................................................ 99
5.5.3. The SVAMITVA Scheme ............................................................................................ 100
5.5.4. NITI Aayog's Model Land Leasing Act, 2016............................................................. 100
5.6. The Way Forward ............................................................................................................ 101
6. AGRICULTURE & ALLIED SECTORS .......................................................................................... 102
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ..................................................................................................... 102
6.1. Important Data & Facts ................................................................................................... 105
6.1.1. Agriculture Sector Performance ............................................................................... 105
6.1.2. Allied Sectors (Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries) ..................................... 105
6.2. Characteristics of Indian Agriculture ............................................................................... 106
6.3. Sectoral Analysis of Indian Agriculture............................................................................ 108
6.3.1. Cropping Patterns in India ........................................................................................ 108
6.3.2. Emerging Trends: Shift Towards Cash Crops, Horticulture, and Millets ................... 108
6.3.3. Impact of Consumption Patterns, Marketing Conditions, and Green Revolution on
Cropping Patterns............................................................................................................... 109
6.4. Irrigation and Water Management ................................................................................. 111
6.4.1. Types of Irrigation & Irrigation Systems ................................................................... 111
6.4.2. Major Challenges in the Indian Irrigation System .................................................... 111
6.4.3. Government Measures for Efficient Irrigation Management................................... 113
6.5. Allied Agricultural Activities ............................................................................................ 114
6.5.1. Economics of Animal-Rearing .................................................................................. 114
6.5.2. Fisheries Sector ........................................................................................................ 115
6.5.3. Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) ............................................................................. 115
6.6. Agricultural Subsidies ...................................................................................................... 116
6.6.1. Rationale for Farm Subsidies in India ....................................................................... 116
6.6.2. Types of Subsidies .................................................................................................... 117
6.6.3. Issues with Agri Subsidy Regime .............................................................................. 117
6.6.4. Suggestions on Subsidy Reform ............................................................................... 118
6.7. Agricultural Pricing Policy & MSP .................................................................................... 120
6.7.1. Minimum Support Price (MSP) ................................................................................ 120
6.8. The WTO and Indian Agriculture ..................................................................................... 121
6.9. Agricultural Marketing .................................................................................................... 123
6.9.1. Process and Stages of Agricultural Marketing in India ............................................. 123
6.9.2. Key Marketing Channels and Related Challenges in India: ...................................... 124
6.9.3. Government Reforms in Agricultural Marketing ...................................................... 125
6.9.4. Contract Farming ...................................................................................................... 125
6.10. Public Distribution System (PDS) & Food Security ........................................................ 126
6.10.1. Benefits and Challenges of PDS System ................................................................. 127
AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI
3 www.visionias.in # 8468022022 ©Vision IAS
CON
OMY ValueAdded Materi
Mai
ns2025
al
KeyFeat
ures:
Compr ehensi
ve
Coverage:
Explai
nsboth
foundati
onaland
contemporaryeconomi
c
themes
PYQI ntegr
ation:
Analyzesrecurri
ngexam
themesandquest i
ons.
Dat a-Ri chContent:
Offer srelevantand
pract icaleconomic
st
at istics.
Crit
icalPol
icyEvaluat
ion:
Provi
desin-depth
assessmentsof
governmentpolici
es.
, ECONOMY Student Notes:
Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Thematic Analysis of Mains Questions and Strategic Insights ....................................................... 7
1. INDIAN ECONOMY: PLANNING AND GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 10
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 10
1.1. Economic Growth & Development ................................................................................... 11
1.1.1. Comparison: Economic Growth vs Economic Development ...................................... 11
1.1.2. Determinants of Growth ............................................................................................ 12
1.1.3. Dimensions of Development ...................................................................................... 12
1.2. Measuring Growth and Development .............................................................................. 13
1.2.1. Issues with GDP Estimation........................................................................................ 14
1.2.2. Issues with GDP as an Indicator for Growth............................................................... 14
1.2.3. Modern Indicators: HDI, GII, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) ........... 15
1.3. Economic Planning in India ............................................................................................... 16
1.3.1. Introduction to Economic Planning ............................................................................ 16
1.3.2. Types of Planning ....................................................................................................... 16
1.3.3. The Five-Year Plan (FYP) Era ....................................................................................... 16
1.3.4. 10 Years of NITI Aayog ................................................................................................ 17
1.4. India's Economic Future .................................................................................................... 22
1.4.1. The 'Viksit Bharat @ 2047' Ambition ......................................................................... 22
1.4.2 The Indian Economy and the Middle-Income Trap ..................................................... 24
2. RESOURCE MOBILISATION........................................................................................................ 26
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 26
2.1. Domestic Resource Mobilisation....................................................................................... 27
2.1.1. Savings, Investment, and Capital Formation .............................................................. 27
2.1.2. Trends of India's Savings Rate .................................................................................... 28
2.2. External Resource Mobilisation ........................................................................................ 30
2.2.1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ................................................................................. 30
2.2.2. Bridging the Gap between FDI MOUs to Actual Inflows: ........................................... 31
2.2.3. Other External Resources ........................................................................................... 32
2.3. Government (Public) Resource Mobilisation .................................................................... 33
2.3.1. Tax Revenue ............................................................................................................... 33
2.3.2. Non-Tax Revenue ....................................................................................................... 34
2.3.3. Public Borrowing and Fiscal Management ................................................................. 36
2.3.4. Public Investment as a Growth Catalyst ..................................................................... 37
2.4. Contemporary Issues and the Future of Resource Mobilisation....................................... 37
2.4.1. Consumption led or Investment led growth: Which one is India pursuing?.............. 37
2.4.2. Role of India’s Capital market in Resource mobilisation for investments .................. 38
2.4.3. Industrial Policy as a Mobilisation Tool ...................................................................... 40
2.4.4. Core Constraints in India's Resource Mobilisation ..................................................... 40
3. GOVERNMENT BUDGETING ..................................................................................................... 41
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 41
3.1. Components of the Budget ............................................................................................... 42
3.2. Government Deficits ......................................................................................................... 43
3.3. Fiscal Policy and Management .......................................................................................... 43
3.3.1. Public Expenditure Management ............................................................................... 43
3.3.2. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act ...................................... 44
3.3.3. Goods and Services Tax (GST) .................................................................................... 45
3.3.4. Key Concepts, Their Relevance, and Trends in Fiscal Management........................... 46
3.4. Other Types of Budgets ..................................................................................................... 47
AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI
1 www.visionias.in # 8468022022 ©Vision IAS
, 3.4.1. Outcome-Based Budgeting ........................................................................................ 47 Student Notes:
3.4.2. Gender Budgeting ...................................................................................................... 47
3.4.3. Zero-Based Budgeting ................................................................................................ 48
3.5.1. The 'Capex-Led Growth' Strategy: Rationale and Impact........................................... 49
3.5.2. The 16th Finance Commission: ToR and Implications for Fiscal Federalism .............. 50
3.5.3. The Case for a Wealth Tax .......................................................................................... 50
3.5.4. Global Minimum Tax .................................................................................................. 51
3.5.5. Equalisation Levy ........................................................................................................ 52
3.5.6. Direct Tax Reforms ..................................................................................................... 53
3.5.7. Inflation Management In India .................................................................................. 54
4. EFFECTS OF LIBERALIZATION ON THE ECONOMY, CHANGES IN INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND THEIR
EFFECTS ON INDUSTRIAL GROWTH ............................................................................................. 57
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 57
4.1. Revival of Industrial Policy in a Changing Global Landscape ............................................. 58
4.2. History of India's Industrial Policy ..................................................................................... 59
4.3. The 1991 Reforms and Their Sectoral Impact ................................................................... 61
4.3.1. Core Elements of the 1991 Industrial Reforms .......................................................... 61
4.3.2. Sectoral Consequences of Liberalization.................................................................... 62
4.3.3. Why Manufacturing Growth Lagged? ........................................................................ 62
4.4. The Contemporary Strategy for Industrial Growth ........................................................... 63
4.4.1. The "Make in India" Initiative and National Manufacturing Mission ......................... 63
4.4.2. The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes ........................................................ 64
4.4.3. Reforming Investment Enclaves: SEZ Amendment Bill 2024...................................... 65
4.4.4. Building World-Class Infrastructure ........................................................................... 67
4.4.5. Addressing Factor Market Reforms: The New Labour Codes..................................... 67
4.4.6. The Skill India Mission ................................................................................................ 68
4.5. A Deep Dive into Key Industrial Sectors ............................................................................ 70
4.5.1. The Electronics Sector and the Semiconductor Mission ............................................ 70
4.5.2. The Textile and Apparel Industry ............................................................................... 71
4.5.3. The Automotive Sector and the EV Transition ........................................................... 72
4.5.4. The Pharmaceutical Industry ..................................................................................... 73
4.5.5. The Steel Industry ...................................................................................................... 73
4.5.6 The MSME Sector ........................................................................................................ 74
4.6. The Supportive Ecosystem for Industry ............................................................................ 76
4.6.1. GST as a Transformative Industrial Reform ................................................................ 76
4.6.2. The Startup Ecosystem ............................................................................................... 77
4.6.3. Digitalization of the Indian Economy ......................................................................... 78
4.6.4. The Competition Law Framework for a Digital Age ................................................... 79
4.6.5. India's Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Regime ....................................................... 80
4.6.6. The Insurance Sector for Economic Resilience........................................................... 81
4.6.7. Financing the Green Industrial Transition .................................................................. 82
4.7. Strategic Debates and Future Outlook .............................................................................. 83
4.7.1. The Manufacturing vs. Services Growth Debate ........................................................ 83
4.7.2. India's Strategy on Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) ..................................................... 84
4.7.3. The 'China+1' Opportunity ......................................................................................... 86
4.7.4. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Industry and Employment ........................... 87
4.7.5. Industry 4.0 and India's Preparedness ....................................................................... 87
4.8 Additional Insights from Economic Survey 2024-25 .......................................................... 89
5. LAND REFORMS ........................................................................................................................ 91
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ....................................................................................................... 91
5.1. The Enduring Significance of Land Reforms ...................................................................... 92
5.1.1. What is Land Reform? ................................................................................................ 92
5.1.2. The Dimensions of Land Reform ................................................................................ 92
AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI
2 www.visionias.in # 8468022022 ©Vision IAS
, 5.1.3. Context and Objectives of Land Reforms in India ...................................................... 93 Student Notes:
5.2. Land Reforms in the Post-Independence Era .................................................................... 93
5.2.1. Phase I (1950s-1970s): Abolition of Intermediaries and Tenancy Reforms ............... 93
5.2.2. Phase II (1970s onwards): Consolidation and Modernization ................................... 95
5.3. A Critical Assessment of Land Reforms ......................................................................... 95
5.3.1. An Overview of the Mixed Success ............................................................................ 95
5.3.2. Factors Behind Successful Implementation ............................................................... 96
5.3.3. Reasons for Widespread Failure................................................................................. 96
5.4. Contemporary Challenges in Land Management .............................................................. 97
5.4.1. Pervasive Landlessness and Inequality ...................................................................... 98
5.4.2. The Economic Drag of Land Fragmentation ............................................................... 98
5.4.3. The Crisis of Outdated Land Records ......................................................................... 98
5.4.4. Land Acquisition: The Development vs. Displacement Dilemma .............................. 99
5.5. Modern Land Governance Initiatives ................................................................................ 99
5.5.1. The Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) ...................... 99
5.5.2. The RFCTLARR Act, 2013 ............................................................................................ 99
5.5.3. The SVAMITVA Scheme ............................................................................................ 100
5.5.4. NITI Aayog's Model Land Leasing Act, 2016............................................................. 100
5.6. The Way Forward ............................................................................................................ 101
6. AGRICULTURE & ALLIED SECTORS .......................................................................................... 102
Thematic Analysis of PYQs ..................................................................................................... 102
6.1. Important Data & Facts ................................................................................................... 105
6.1.1. Agriculture Sector Performance ............................................................................... 105
6.1.2. Allied Sectors (Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries) ..................................... 105
6.2. Characteristics of Indian Agriculture ............................................................................... 106
6.3. Sectoral Analysis of Indian Agriculture............................................................................ 108
6.3.1. Cropping Patterns in India ........................................................................................ 108
6.3.2. Emerging Trends: Shift Towards Cash Crops, Horticulture, and Millets ................... 108
6.3.3. Impact of Consumption Patterns, Marketing Conditions, and Green Revolution on
Cropping Patterns............................................................................................................... 109
6.4. Irrigation and Water Management ................................................................................. 111
6.4.1. Types of Irrigation & Irrigation Systems ................................................................... 111
6.4.2. Major Challenges in the Indian Irrigation System .................................................... 111
6.4.3. Government Measures for Efficient Irrigation Management................................... 113
6.5. Allied Agricultural Activities ............................................................................................ 114
6.5.1. Economics of Animal-Rearing .................................................................................. 114
6.5.2. Fisheries Sector ........................................................................................................ 115
6.5.3. Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) ............................................................................. 115
6.6. Agricultural Subsidies ...................................................................................................... 116
6.6.1. Rationale for Farm Subsidies in India ....................................................................... 116
6.6.2. Types of Subsidies .................................................................................................... 117
6.6.3. Issues with Agri Subsidy Regime .............................................................................. 117
6.6.4. Suggestions on Subsidy Reform ............................................................................... 118
6.7. Agricultural Pricing Policy & MSP .................................................................................... 120
6.7.1. Minimum Support Price (MSP) ................................................................................ 120
6.8. The WTO and Indian Agriculture ..................................................................................... 121
6.9. Agricultural Marketing .................................................................................................... 123
6.9.1. Process and Stages of Agricultural Marketing in India ............................................. 123
6.9.2. Key Marketing Channels and Related Challenges in India: ...................................... 124
6.9.3. Government Reforms in Agricultural Marketing ...................................................... 125
6.9.4. Contract Farming ...................................................................................................... 125
6.10. Public Distribution System (PDS) & Food Security ........................................................ 126
6.10.1. Benefits and Challenges of PDS System ................................................................. 127
AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI
3 www.visionias.in # 8468022022 ©Vision IAS
