CNUR 305 Ultimate Exam Questions and
Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
Chloride Chloride:
Range 98 - 106 mmol/L
Helps maintain proper blood volume
Helps maintain blood pressure
Helps maintain fluid balance in and out of
cells
Hyperchloremia:
Result of renal acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis (due to
CO2 levels), high Na levels, severe
diarrhea
Hyperchloremia treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (too much
saline then
reduce or dehydration is treated with saline
or
correct Ph imbalance)
Hypochloremia:
Result of CHF, prolonged diarrhea and
vomiting,
metabolic acidosis
Hypochloremia treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (too much
saline then
reduce or dehydration is treated with saline
or
correct pH imbalance)
,Phosphate Range 0.97 - 1.45 mmol/L
Essential component of bones and teeth
Vital to normal neuromuscular function
Required for energy in production of A T P
Contributes to protein, fat, and
carbohydrate
metabolism
Assists in maintenance of acid-base
balance
Hyperphosphatemia:
Common with acute or chronic renal failure
Other causes: Chemotherapy, large intake
of milk
or other phosphate containing foods, and
large
intake of vitamin D
Can cause calcium deposits into soft
tissue instead
of bone, tetany, neuromuscular irritability
Hyperphosphatemia treatment:
Restrict foods etc. with high phosporour
content
Adequate hydration
Can cause calcium deposits into soft
tissue instead
of bone, tetany, neuromuscular irritability
Hypophosphatemia:
Seen in malnourished patients, alcohol
withdrawal,
phosphate binding antacids, during
parental
nutrition.
Poor energy levels (reduction in ATP
Can cause arrythmias and muscle
weakness
Hypophosphatemia Treatment:
,IV/oral admin of sodium or potassium
phosphate
, Calcium Range 2.25 - 2.75 mmol/L
Maintain strong bones
Required for muscle and nerve
transmissions
Hypercalcemia:
Usually from overactice parathyroid
glands, cancer,
ingestion of too much vitamin D or calcium
supplements
Cause excess thirst and diuresis, nausea,
and
vomiting, and constipation, confuision and
lethargy,
cardiac arrythmia, palpitations, and fainting
Hypercalcemia treatment:
decreased dietary intake, medications
(Calcitonin)
bisphosphonates (IV osteoporosis drugs),
prednisone (for high levels of vit D), IV
fluids and
diuretics.
Hypocalcemia:
Injured parathyroid glands, auto immune
dysfunction, inadequate Vit D, Magnesium
depletion
Resulting in Chvosteks (twitching facial
muscles can
be identified by tapping the skin over a
facial
muscle) and Trousseau's sign(carpal
spasm
identified with blood pressure cuff
inflation),
Seizures, cardiac arrythmias (prolonged
QT
interval), confusion, and psychosis
Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
Chloride Chloride:
Range 98 - 106 mmol/L
Helps maintain proper blood volume
Helps maintain blood pressure
Helps maintain fluid balance in and out of
cells
Hyperchloremia:
Result of renal acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis (due to
CO2 levels), high Na levels, severe
diarrhea
Hyperchloremia treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (too much
saline then
reduce or dehydration is treated with saline
or
correct Ph imbalance)
Hypochloremia:
Result of CHF, prolonged diarrhea and
vomiting,
metabolic acidosis
Hypochloremia treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (too much
saline then
reduce or dehydration is treated with saline
or
correct pH imbalance)
,Phosphate Range 0.97 - 1.45 mmol/L
Essential component of bones and teeth
Vital to normal neuromuscular function
Required for energy in production of A T P
Contributes to protein, fat, and
carbohydrate
metabolism
Assists in maintenance of acid-base
balance
Hyperphosphatemia:
Common with acute or chronic renal failure
Other causes: Chemotherapy, large intake
of milk
or other phosphate containing foods, and
large
intake of vitamin D
Can cause calcium deposits into soft
tissue instead
of bone, tetany, neuromuscular irritability
Hyperphosphatemia treatment:
Restrict foods etc. with high phosporour
content
Adequate hydration
Can cause calcium deposits into soft
tissue instead
of bone, tetany, neuromuscular irritability
Hypophosphatemia:
Seen in malnourished patients, alcohol
withdrawal,
phosphate binding antacids, during
parental
nutrition.
Poor energy levels (reduction in ATP
Can cause arrythmias and muscle
weakness
Hypophosphatemia Treatment:
,IV/oral admin of sodium or potassium
phosphate
, Calcium Range 2.25 - 2.75 mmol/L
Maintain strong bones
Required for muscle and nerve
transmissions
Hypercalcemia:
Usually from overactice parathyroid
glands, cancer,
ingestion of too much vitamin D or calcium
supplements
Cause excess thirst and diuresis, nausea,
and
vomiting, and constipation, confuision and
lethargy,
cardiac arrythmia, palpitations, and fainting
Hypercalcemia treatment:
decreased dietary intake, medications
(Calcitonin)
bisphosphonates (IV osteoporosis drugs),
prednisone (for high levels of vit D), IV
fluids and
diuretics.
Hypocalcemia:
Injured parathyroid glands, auto immune
dysfunction, inadequate Vit D, Magnesium
depletion
Resulting in Chvosteks (twitching facial
muscles can
be identified by tapping the skin over a
facial
muscle) and Trousseau's sign(carpal
spasm
identified with blood pressure cuff
inflation),
Seizures, cardiac arrythmias (prolonged
QT
interval), confusion, and psychosis
