NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 1 2026 Question and Answer |
Actual Tested Papers with Detailed
Verified Answers
• What is Pathophysiology -✓✓is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy
and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
• What 4 things does pathophysiology include? -✓✓Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
• What is etiology -✓✓study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic
conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
• What is pathogenesis? -✓✓development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus
to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
• What are clinical manifestations? -✓✓Signs and symptoms of disorder.
• What are treatment implications? -✓✓Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and
clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
• What are signs? -✓✓Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
• What are symptoms? -✓✓Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
• What is objective data -✓✓What you observe and can measure.
• What are examples of objective data? -✓✓rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
• What is subjective data? -✓✓What the patient may report to you
• What are examples of subjective data? -✓✓pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
• What is epidemiology? -✓✓study of the patterns of disease involving populations.
Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
• What are the levels of disease prevention? -✓✓Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
• Explain Primary Prevention -✓✓"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing
exposure of disease for people.
,• Examples of Primary Prevention -✓✓Vaccinations and Handwashing
• Explain Secondary Prevention -✓✓"Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
• Examples of Secondary Prevention -✓✓PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C
check, mammogram
• Explain Tertiary Prevention -✓✓"Treating" and preventing further complications from a
disorder or disease after the person has the condition
• Examples of Tertiary Prevention -✓✓Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
• What is homeostasis? -✓✓a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in
balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
• What is allostasis? -✓✓ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance
but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body
temp.
• Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome -✓✓alarm, resistance, exhaustion
• Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome -✓✓Where the sympathetic
nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and
energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be
redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
• Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome -✓✓the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to
homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
• Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome -✓✓Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to
homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted
and damaged that can lead to disease or death.
• What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation
syndrome? -✓✓disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety,
depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
, • Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome -
✓✓Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines(
norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
• Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage -✓✓activates the
sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
• Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage -✓✓helps to slow down certain
organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
• Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage -✓✓Stimulates the fight or flight
response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations
and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be
released.
• Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage -✓✓released by ACTH reaching the
adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce
inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
• Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response -✓✓Pupils dilate,
salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations,
glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
• Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response -✓✓Pupils
constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration,
GI/GU systems resume action.
• role of nucleus -✓✓control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored,
produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none
(RBCs).
• role of mitochondria -✓✓Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its
own set of DNA.
• Role of ribosome -✓✓produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of
DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the Rough
ER.
• Role of lysosomes -✓✓helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues.
• Role of rough ER -✓✓folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has
ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.
Exam 1 2026 Question and Answer |
Actual Tested Papers with Detailed
Verified Answers
• What is Pathophysiology -✓✓is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy
and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
• What 4 things does pathophysiology include? -✓✓Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
• What is etiology -✓✓study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic
conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
• What is pathogenesis? -✓✓development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus
to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
• What are clinical manifestations? -✓✓Signs and symptoms of disorder.
• What are treatment implications? -✓✓Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and
clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
• What are signs? -✓✓Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
• What are symptoms? -✓✓Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
• What is objective data -✓✓What you observe and can measure.
• What are examples of objective data? -✓✓rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
• What is subjective data? -✓✓What the patient may report to you
• What are examples of subjective data? -✓✓pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
• What is epidemiology? -✓✓study of the patterns of disease involving populations.
Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
• What are the levels of disease prevention? -✓✓Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
• Explain Primary Prevention -✓✓"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing
exposure of disease for people.
,• Examples of Primary Prevention -✓✓Vaccinations and Handwashing
• Explain Secondary Prevention -✓✓"Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
• Examples of Secondary Prevention -✓✓PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C
check, mammogram
• Explain Tertiary Prevention -✓✓"Treating" and preventing further complications from a
disorder or disease after the person has the condition
• Examples of Tertiary Prevention -✓✓Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
• What is homeostasis? -✓✓a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in
balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
• What is allostasis? -✓✓ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance
but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body
temp.
• Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome -✓✓alarm, resistance, exhaustion
• Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome -✓✓Where the sympathetic
nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and
energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be
redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
• Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome -✓✓the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to
homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
• Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome -✓✓Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to
homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted
and damaged that can lead to disease or death.
• What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation
syndrome? -✓✓disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety,
depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
, • Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome -
✓✓Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines(
norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
• Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage -✓✓activates the
sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
• Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage -✓✓helps to slow down certain
organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
• Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage -✓✓Stimulates the fight or flight
response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations
and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be
released.
• Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage -✓✓released by ACTH reaching the
adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce
inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
• Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response -✓✓Pupils dilate,
salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations,
glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
• Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response -✓✓Pupils
constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration,
GI/GU systems resume action.
• role of nucleus -✓✓control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored,
produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none
(RBCs).
• role of mitochondria -✓✓Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its
own set of DNA.
• Role of ribosome -✓✓produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of
DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the Rough
ER.
• Role of lysosomes -✓✓helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues.
• Role of rough ER -✓✓folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has
ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.
