Perspectives of Professional Nursing Test 1 Questions and Answers

Perspectives of Professional Nursing Test 1 Questions and Answers viewing nursing as a job getting a nursing degree to merely make money and have a job -does minimum amount needed for nursing license viewing nursing as a career obtains BSN and often pursues additional advanced nursing degree -life-long learning and growth trends that impact nursing career decisions 1. aging population 2. healthcare budget restraints 3. 2015 RN statistics 4. IOM 2010 report projections aging population bc of baby boomers budget restraints escalating costs, cost containment initiatives, and reimbursement systems -causes hospitals to move to outpatient settings, hire fewer nurses, cutting salaries, and hiring more part-time nurses 2015 RN statistics largest percentage of RNs work in general medical surgical hospitals -next is in speciality -lowest percentage of RNs work in physicians' offices IOM 2010 report projections by 2020, nursing will need to double the amt of nurses with doctorate and increase number of nurse practitioners expert clinician advanced practice registered nurse prepared at the graduate level -nurse practitioners -MSN, DNP clinical nurse leader guides nurse colleagues and interdisciplinary teams in direct care situations -MSN, DNP nurse executive directs the infastructure of the practice of nursing within an organization on clinical and fiscal levels -business of healthcare -MSN, DNP, PhD nurse educator works in academic settings, guiding students to practice safe nursing practice CE programs continuing education; needed to renew license example of a professional nursing organization ANA (american nurses association) how are nursing programs different from others simulation and clinical how are nursing courses more demanding content building, understanding vs. memorizing, application of information, practicum component, and clinical preceptors 3 different types of learning styles visual, auditory, and tactile -kolb's learning style test 5 tips for nursing school 1. get clinical requirements done 2. get to know professors 3. pick a study group & spot 4. get organized 5. learn how to study study tips 1. prepare 2. read 3. use class time efficiently time management be organized, make a list, set goals/priorities, pay attention to time, learn how to write quickly, always bring easy to eat snacks, be keen on details, learn how to communicate, learn to multitask, & be realistic take care of yourself balanced diet, enough sleep, avoid additives, exercise burnout a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation compassion fatigue a state of exhaustion experienced by medical and psychological professionals, as well as caregivers, which leaves the individual feeling stressed, numb, or indifferent -often seen in oncology units classical era nurse role filled by female family member -typically for childbearing events -egyptians, hebrew, & jewish culutres were 1st to need nurse/family member - healing: the successful result of a contest between invisible beings of good and evil what the Egyptians did during the classic era constructed elaborate drainage systems, developed pharmaceutical herbs, embalmed the dead what the hebews did during the classical era formulated elaborate hygiene code - first to link hygiene with spiritual godliness - those who obeyed God's law lived with health and happiness, those who transgressed were punished with sickness and suffering what the jewish cultures did during the classical era - contribution in sanitation - garbage disposed of outside of city - infectious diseases quarantined - body cleanliness important greeks 5th and 4th century b.c. -considerable need -princes acted as nurses -techniques used to treat war wounds - health: balance between mind and body Hippocrates of Cos -considered the father of medicine - made a textbook of medicine that was used by priests and religious healers - emphasized the rational treatment of sickness as natural rather than a god inflicted phenomenon - wrote Air, Water, and Places- relationship between humans and their environment Empedocles - 493-433 BC - damaged the practice and scientific theory of medicine - doctrine of the four humors: 4 humors of the body (blood, bile, phlegm, and black bile) corresponded to the 4 elements of the larger world (fire, air, water, and earth) - treatment aimed at restoring appropriate balance of 4 humors roman era 31 b.c.-476 a.d. - greek culture a strong influence -promoted evolution of nursing -Romans developed mobile war nursing unit -portable hospital -usually family members, servants, or slaves - developed massive aqueducts, bathhouses, and sewer systems -NURSING EMERGED AS A SEPARATE & DISTINCT SPECIALTY middle ages 476 a.d.-1453 (medieval era) -mostly influenced by christianity (deconesses: femal servants doing the work of god by ministering to the needs of others) - myth, magic, religions were explanations for cures or illnesses for health problems -devlopment of civilan hospitals - nursing roles carried out primarily by religious orders -black death/bubonic plague bubonic plague 1300s in europe, asia, and africa -60 million deaths -usually died on 3rd day -black spots, hemorrhages, inflammation of lungs -quarantine 1st developed the renaissance - martin luther advocated for nurses and a "community chest" in each town to raise funds for hospitals and nurses - closure of the monasteries and creation of public hospitals. Public hospitals were filthy, disorganized, people came to die -laywomen (female members of the church) staffed hospitals. Also, prostitutes, poverty, and intoxicated women could work instead of going to jail -anatomy drawings and new interest in medical science dark period of nursing -elimination of hospitals and schools meant minimal nursing education -laywomen were rude, illiterate, rough so nursing was low status position -nurses could be prostitutes, gamblers, or thieves - servitude seen as menial, low status work -hospitals called pesthouses, primary purpose was to protect public at large from contagious diseases, not treat Pennsylvania hospital first true hospital in the new colonies-1751 erected at suggestion of Ben Franklin industrial revolution mid 1700s -health concerns of overpopulation, filthy streets and water, bugs, communicable diseases - urban life, trade, and industrialization contributed to overwhelming health hazards -typhus and typhoid fever: epidemic became more serious with urbanization and everyone working and living w/in closer quarters - sewage disposal and sanitation nonexistent, lots of pests in cities -concerns later addressed by florence nightingale reform movement - in response to unhealthy by products of industrial revolution - more humane care of the sick, the poor, and wounded - reemergence of new religious orders in the Catholic Church that provided service to the sick and disenfranchised Chadwick report - Edwin Chadwick - report that drew attention to the cost of unsanitary conditions: shortening life span of laboring class - lead to the establishment of the first board of health: the general board of health for england (1848) Shuttuck report lemuel Shuttuck - organized the American Statistical Society in 1839 - 1945 census of Boston revealed high infant mortality rates and high overall population mortality rates - outlined findings of unsanitary conditions and made recommendations for public health reform, called for services for well-child care, school-age children's health, immunizations, mental health, health education for all, and health planning - revolutionary for scope and vision of public health florence nightingale "angel of mercy" -born 1820 -studied nursing in germany and worked as a superintendent in a hospital -assisted in crimean war (w/38 nurses changed heal care and improved service structure) -reduced mortality rate by 2% in 6 months -strict authority, respected & noble profession, & insisted nurses have education nightingale and civil war was a way to test military reforms