NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
Questions and Guide Answers
100% Verified Graded A+
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
Answer: Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amy- otrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less
*protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
2. How are free radicals produced?
Answer: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
3. What is the body's defense against ROS?
Answer: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
,transferrin)
4. action potential
Answer: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes
5. Threshold potential
Answer: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
6. Hypokalemia and action potentials
Answer: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability
Answer: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
7. Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Answer: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
8. Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Answer: Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
9. Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Answer: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
,confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
10. Atrophy
Answer: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation,
or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished
function and may lead to cellular death.
11. Atrophy examples
Answer: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood. Disuse atrophy-
someone that ends up being paralyzed
12. Hypertrophy
Answer: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal
stimulation or increased functional demand.
13. Hypertrophy examples
Answer: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting
/ when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular
hypertrophy*
14. Hyperplasia
, Answer: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are
capable of mitosis (cell division).
15. Hyperplasia examples
Answer: 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia
and increased risk for endometrial cancer
16. Dysplasia
Answer: abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell
injury or irritation
17. Dysplasia examples
Answer: Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
18. Metaplasia
Answer: Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic
stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
19. Metaplasia examples
Answer: Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Questions and Guide Answers
100% Verified Graded A+
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
Answer: Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amy- otrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less
*protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
2. How are free radicals produced?
Answer: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
3. What is the body's defense against ROS?
Answer: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
,transferrin)
4. action potential
Answer: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes
5. Threshold potential
Answer: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
6. Hypokalemia and action potentials
Answer: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability
Answer: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
7. Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Answer: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
8. Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Answer: Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
9. Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Answer: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
,confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
10. Atrophy
Answer: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation,
or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished
function and may lead to cellular death.
11. Atrophy examples
Answer: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood. Disuse atrophy-
someone that ends up being paralyzed
12. Hypertrophy
Answer: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal
stimulation or increased functional demand.
13. Hypertrophy examples
Answer: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting
/ when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular
hypertrophy*
14. Hyperplasia
, Answer: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are
capable of mitosis (cell division).
15. Hyperplasia examples
Answer: 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia
and increased risk for endometrial cancer
16. Dysplasia
Answer: abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell
injury or irritation
17. Dysplasia examples
Answer: Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
18. Metaplasia
Answer: Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic
stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
19. Metaplasia examples
Answer: Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
