NURS 5315 UTA Exam 1 2026 Question and
Answer | Updated Review from Previously Tested
Questions | Grade A+
• Atrophy -✓✓E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
• Hypertrophy -✓✓E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
• Hyperplasia -✓✓E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
• Dysplasia -✓✓E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
, • Metaplasia -✓✓E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette
smoke
• Hypoxia injury -✓✓E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
• Free radical and ROS -✓✓E. normal byproduct of ATP production,
will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Ethanol -✓✓E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine,
PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to
liver failure irreversible
Answer | Updated Review from Previously Tested
Questions | Grade A+
• Atrophy -✓✓E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
• Hypertrophy -✓✓E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
• Hyperplasia -✓✓E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
• Dysplasia -✓✓E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
, • Metaplasia -✓✓E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette
smoke
• Hypoxia injury -✓✓E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
• Free radical and ROS -✓✓E. normal byproduct of ATP production,
will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Ethanol -✓✓E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine,
PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to
liver failure irreversible
