Nurs 5315 UTA Exam 1 Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
1. Atrophy E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
2. Hypertrophy E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
3. Hyperplasia E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
4. Dysplasia E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
5. Metaplasia E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke
6. Hypoxia injury E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
7. Free radical and E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust
ROS intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
, C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
8. Ethanol E. mood altering drug, long term ettects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflamma-
tion and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
9. Oncosis Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes
distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
10. Fatty Infiltration intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
11. dystrophic calcifi- accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
cation calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
12. metastatic calcifi- accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
cation result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit
D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
13. urate accumula- sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively
tion called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
14. Coagulative kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Necrosis
15. Liquefactive nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Necrosis
16. Caseous Necrosis lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
1. Atrophy E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
2. Hypertrophy E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
3. Hyperplasia E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
4. Dysplasia E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
5. Metaplasia E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke
6. Hypoxia injury E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
7. Free radical and E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust
ROS intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
, C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
8. Ethanol E. mood altering drug, long term ettects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflamma-
tion and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
9. Oncosis Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes
distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
10. Fatty Infiltration intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
11. dystrophic calcifi- accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
cation calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
12. metastatic calcifi- accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
cation result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit
D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
13. urate accumula- sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively
tion called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
14. Coagulative kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Necrosis
15. Liquefactive nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Necrosis
16. Caseous Necrosis lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
